TABLE 3

Indirect Evidence: Treatment of Other Problems by the Primary Care Team

Study	Design	Brief Description of Intervention	Population	Sample Size	Length of Follow-Up	Summary of Results
Crawford et al, 1989³³^a	SBA	Behavior therapy	Children with sleep disorders	9	7 wk	All patients reduced number of problem incidents pre- to postassessment
Cullen, 1976³⁴, Cullen and Cullen, 1996³⁵^a	RCT	Brief pre-school interviews with parents (psychological health promotion) vs control	Community sample	246	6 and 20 y	Some differences in behavior and relationships favoring the intervention group, but no difference between groups in terms of school performance; Some differences endured for up to 20–30 y (eg, neurotic symptoms)
Galbraith et al, 1993³⁶^a	SBA	Behavior therapy	Children with sleep disturbances	45	34 wk	Time to settle and mean wakings reduced significantly over time; At discharge, 73% of parents were satisfied with the treatment
Hewitt, 1991³⁷^a	CBA	Two parent educational interventions (educational leaflets plus 2 schedules of HV contact) vs control	9-mo to 2-y-olds	132	9 mo and 2 y	Parents in first intervention group reported more potentially problematic behavior at 9 mo and 2 y; No difference in reports of actual problem behavior at either point; No differences between second intervention and controls at 9 months.
Houtzager et al, 2001³⁸	SBA	5-session support group	Siblings of children with cancer	24	Unclear: “After group participation”	Siblings experience less anxiety after participating in the group
Oliansky, 1997³⁹^a	RCT	Educational intervention by nurses vs control	Adolescents at risk for substance use	25	1 and 3 mo	Self-reported alcohol use lower in intervention group at 1 and 2 mo
Scott and Richards, 1990⁴⁰^a	RCT	Researcher acting in supportive capacity plus booklet vs booklet alone vs control	Children under 18 mo with night waking	90	12 wk	No significant differences in night waking measures between the 2 intervention groups and controls
Tutty et al, 2003⁴²	RCT	8-wk behavioral and social skill class in an HMO serving primary care/specialty care needs	Children newly diagnosed with ADHD	100	3 and 6 mo	Intervention group reported significantly lower parent-rated ADHD symptoms, and the training was well-accepted

RCT indicates randomized, controlled trial; CBA, controlled before and after study; SBA, simple before and after study; HV, health visitor; HMO, health maintenance organization.
↵a Studies are taken from Bower et al.²⁴