Table 1.

Efficacy Studies of EMLA for Procedural Pain in Neonates

Reference	Procedure	Study^* Design	Sample Size	Dosage Regimen	Gestational Age at Birth (wk)
Taddio⁸	Circumcision	db, p, r, pc	59	1 g for 60–80 min	37–42
Benini⁷	Circumcision	p, r, pc	27	0.5 g for 45–65 min	37–42
Lander⁹	Circumcision^†	p, r, c	52	2 g for 90 min	Full-term
Larsson¹¹	Heel lancing	db, p, r, pc	110	0.5 g for 10–120 min	37–43
Ramaioli¹⁰	Heel lancing^†	p, r, pc	20	0.5 g (=1 cm) for 30 min	29–36
Stevens¹²	Heel lancing^†	p, r, pc	60	0.5 g for 30 min	30–36
McIntosh¹³	Heel lancing	p, c	35	nr^‡for 60 min	26–34
Lindh¹⁷	Venipuncture^†	db, p, r, pc	60	nr^‡ for 60 min	Full-term
Gourrier¹⁶	Venipuncture	p, c	67^§	≥2 kg: 1/4 tube (≈0.5 g) <2 kg: nr^‡ for 60–180 min	26–41
Gourrier¹⁶	Arterial puncture	p, c	90^§	≥2 kg: 1/4 tube (≈0.5 g) <2 kg: nr^‡ for 60–180 min	26–41
Enad¹⁴	Lumbar puncture^†	p, r, pc	49	1 g for 60 min	≥34
Garcia¹⁵	Percutaneous venous catheter placement^†	p, r, pc	13	1.25 g for 60 min	Very low birth weight

↵* db, double-blind; p, prospective; r, random, pc, placebo controlled; c, controlled (no treatment group).
↵† Published in abstract form only.
↵‡ nr, not reported.
↵§ Number of procedures (not infants) tested.