Number of Adverse Housing Conditions Compared With Stable Housing (N = 22 324)
| Outcomes | 1 Adverse Housing Condition (n = 6529) | 2 Adverse Housing Conditions (n = 979) | 3 Adverse Housing Conditions (n = 106) |
|---|---|---|---|
| aOR (CI) | aOR (CI) | aOR (CI) | |
| Child health outcomes | |||
| Lifetime hospitalizations | 1.14 (1.07–1.22) | 1.31 (1.14–1.52) | 1.27 (0.83–1.92) |
| Child health fair and/or poor | 1.33 (1.21–1.47) | 1.68 (1.39–2.03) | 2.59 (1.62–4.16) |
| At risk for being underweight | 0.95 (0.87–1.04) | 0.91 (0.75–1.11) | 0.73 (0.40–1.34) |
| Developmental risk (PEDS 2 or more concerns) | 1.12 (1.01–1.24) | 1.26 (1.04–1.53) | 1.21 (0.71–2.07) |
| Caregiver health outcomes | |||
| Caregiver health fair and/or poor | 1.69 (1.58–1.82) | 2.73 (2.37–3.14) | 4.24 (2.85–6.31) |
| Depression screen | 2.50 (2.33–2.69) | 4.72 (4.08–5.44) | 7.45 (4.92–11.29) |
| Hardship outcomes | |||
| Household food insecurity | 3.91 (3.65–4.19) | 7.98 (6.91–9.22) | 17.91 (11.25–28.52) |
| Child food insecurity | 3.36 (3.08–3.68) | 5.82 (4.98–6.80) | 18.01 (12.04–26.95) |
| Energy insecurity | 3.23 (3.01–3.47) | 2.78 (2.40–3.22) | 3.29 (2.20–4.93) |
| Household forgone care | 2.69 (2.49–2.90) | 3.69 (3.17–4.30) | 5.63 (3.75–8.43) |
| Child foregone care | 2.63 (2.30–3.00) | 3.83 (3.07–4.77) | 5.32 (3.18–8.91) |
| Health cost sacrifices | 3.53 (3.19–3.90) | 4.82 (3.99–5.83) | 8.36 (5.35–13.07) |
Analyses are adjusted for site, US-born mother versus immigrant, mother’s race and/or ethnicity, caregiver education, caregiver employment, marital status, breastfeeding history, mother’s age, child’s age (child’s age not in maternal health outcome models), and survey year. Private insurance and homeownership have been excluded from the analyses.