TABLE 1

Child and Parent Socioeconomic Characteristics, Obesity Risk Factors, and BMI z Scores by Child Race and/or Ethnicity: ECLS-B

Characteristic	Overall	African American	Hispanic	Asian	American Indian	White
Distribution of race, %		15.8	23.3	3.5	2.9	54.6
Boys, %	51.3	53.6	51.8	53.2	50.4	50.3
Household income, $ (%)^a
<25 000	33.5	56.7	51.3	17.7	50.1	19.8
25 000–50 000	29.7	25.7	32.5	25.2	31.6	29.8
>50 000	36.8	17.7	16.2	57.1	18.3	50.5
Parent education, %^a
Less than high school	45.8	60.3	68.2	23.9	55.5	33.2
Some college	29.2	30.2	23	19.9	36.7	31.8
Less than college	25.0	9.5	8.8	56.3	7.8	35.0
Food insecurity, %^a	11.8	16.9	17.7	6.5	15.1	8.1
Neighborhood safety, %^a	8.0	15.6	12.5	3.4	9.2	4.2
Maternal risk factors
Wt, kg, mean (SE)^a	72.2 (0.44)	78.76 (1.15)	71.10 (0.85)	60.46 (0.63)	76.02 (2.2)	71.30 (0.55)
Smoking during pregnancy, %^a	9.1	6.7	4.4	0.7	19.4	13.0
Infant risk factors
Never breastfed, %^a	29.2	46.6	23.8	16.3	28.4	27.3
Early introduction of solid foods, %^a	23.7	29.8	21.2	7.5	28.6	23.9
Wt gain, mean (SE)^a^,^b	0.57 (0.01)	0.61 (0.01)	0.59 (0.01)	0.56 (0.01)	0.64 (0.02)	0.57 (0.01)
Early childhood risk factors^c
Television viewing >2 h per d, %^a	35.6	50.6	44.8	29.4	41.6	27.5
Physical inactivity, %^a	56.1	60.4	56.8	67.8	50.8	54.1
SSB consumption, %^a	30.1	41.4	35.7	21.7	33.5	25.0
Fruit and vegetable consumption <1 per d, %	18.5	20.3	16.8	16.5	19.8	19.0
Family meals <4 per wk (%)^a	16.1	24.6	20.2	16.9	16.8	11.9
Nonparental child care, %^a	80.2	84.0	73.2	84.8	79.3	82.0
BMI z score, mean (SE)
Boys
2 y (2003–2004)^a	0.52 (0.05)	0.58 (0.12)	0.66 (0.11)	0.28 (0.12)	0.73 (0.25)	0.44 (0.07)
Preschool (2005–2006)^a	0.67 (0.03)	0.65 (0.09)	0.86 (0.07)	0.44 (0.10)	1.04 (0.15)	0.59 (0.04)
Kindergarten (2006)^a	0.69 (0.03)	0.75 (0.07)	0.93 (0.07)	0.48 (0.11)	0.93 (0.09)	0.58 (0.04)
Girls
2 y (2003–2004)	0.34 (0.06)	0.30 (0.15)	0.43 (0.16)	0.30 (0.11)	0.62 (0.15)	0.30 (0.08)
Preschool (2005–06)^a	0.66 (0.03)	0.70 (0.07)	0.79 (0.06)	0.38 (0.09)	1.00 (0.11)	0.60 (0.04)
Kindergarten (2006)^a	0.68 (0.03)	0.76 (0.07)	0.78 (0.06)	0.34 (0.10)	1.04 (0.11)	0.61 (0.04)
Overweight and/or obesity, %
Boys
2 y (2003–2004)	17.5	17.3	20.1	12.2	27.3	16.3
Preschool (2005–2006)^a	33.6	37.2	39.9	24.5	47.0	29.7
Kindergarten (2006)^a	34.8	41.0	43.7	29.4	42.8	29.0
Girls
2 y (2003–2004)	16.7	16.4	17.0	14.0	22.2	16.5
Preschool (2005–2006)^a	34.8	36.8	42.6	28.7	47.1	30.9
Kindergarten (2006)^a	35.1	39.9	39.9	29.6	49.2	31.5

↵a P value for the difference across races is <.01.
↵b Nine-mo rate of infant wt gain (kg) is wt at 9 mo birth wt over age in mo at the first wave of data collection (∼9 mo).
↵c Measured at wave 3 of data collection.