Adjusted Estimates of Associations Between Sociodemographic and/or Obesity Risk Factors and BMI z Scores at Kindergarten Entry by Child Race and/or Ethnicity, Boys and Girls: ECLS-B
| Characteristic | Boys | Girls | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| African American, β (SEa) | Hispanic, β (SE) | Asian, β (SE) | American Indian, β (SE) | White, β (SE) | African American, β (SEa) | Hispanic, β (SE) | Asian, β (SE) | American Indian, β (SE) | White, β (SE) | |
| Age, mo | .09 (0.03)b | .07 (0.03)b | .01 (0.03) | .00 (0.06) | .07 (0.02)c | .03 (0.03) | .02 (0.03) | .14 (0.03)c | .03 (0.05) | .03 (0.02) |
| Household SES, quintile | ||||||||||
| First | −.27 (0.25) | .37 (0.27) | .52 (0.26)b | −.10 (0.43) | .14 (0.17) | .17 (0.22) | .34 (0.25) | .30 (0.29) | −.45 (0.35) | −.04 (0.17) |
| Second | −.19 (0.24) | .17 (0.27) | .78 (0.23)c | −1.44 (0.39)c | −.03 (0.13) | .17 (0.22) | .08 (0.25) | −.68 (0.21)c | .09 (0.36) | .17 (0.12) |
| Third | −.20 (0.24) | −.03 (0.28) | .11 (0.18) | −.75 (0.40) | .28 (0.11)b | −.05 (0.21) | .14 (0.26) | −.04 (0.22) | −1.00 (0.36) | .11 (0.10) |
| Fourth | −.08 (0.26) | .19 (0.29) | .06 (0.16) | .08 (0.44) | .05 (0.10) | .28 (0.23) | .59 (0.27)b | .07 (0.15) | −.08 (0.35) | −.15 (0.09) |
| Fifth | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Household food insecurity | .05 (0.16) | −.27 (0.15) | −.40 (0.22) | .15 (0.32) | .04 (0.14) | −.30 (0.16) | .07 (0.18) | .58 (0.25)b | .07 (0.17) | .23 (0.13) |
| Neighborhood safety | .09 (0.14) | .20 (0.16) | .66 (0.36) | .71 (0.46) | −.01 (0.21) | −.05 (0.17) | .02 (0.21) | .09 (0.27) | −.22 (0.39) | .43 (0.17)b |
| Maternal risk factors | ||||||||||
| Wt, kg (SE) | .01 (0.00)c | .02 (0.00)c | .01 (0.00)b | .00 (0.01) | .01 (0.00)c | .01 (0.00)c | .01 (0.00)d | .00 (0.00) | .01 (0.00)c | .01 (0.00)c |
| Smoking during pregnancy | .03 (0.27) | −.03 (0.27) | .38 (0.67) | −.12 (0.30) | −.01 (0.12) | .06 (0.22) | .51 (0.39) | .37 (0.70) | −.44 (0.23)b | .01 (0.11) |
| Early life risk factors | ||||||||||
| Never breastfed | .04 (0.12) | −.04 (0.13) | −.46 (0.16)b | −.28 (0.25) | .11 (0.09) | −.04 (0.12) | .26 (0.14) | −.14 (0.18) | .35 (0.18)b | .17 (0.08)b |
| Early introduction of solid foods | .37 (0.13)c | .19 (0.14) | .38 (0.22) | .47 (0.21)b | .11 (0.09) | .12 (0.13) | −.11 (0.18) | −.07 (0.25) | .54 (0.20)b | .10 (0.09) |
| Wt gain | 2.70 (0.43)c | 2.11 (0.40)c | 1.31 (0.46)c | .61 (0.86) | 2.11 (0.29)c | 2.13 (0.38)c | 1.73 (0.43)c | 2.44 (0.47)c | 2.28 (0.73)c | 1.23 (0.20)c |
| Early childhood risk factorsd | ||||||||||
| Television viewing >2 h per d | .00 (0.13) | .19 (0.12) | −.12 (0.13) | .64 (0.25)b | −.03 (0.08) | −.08 (0.12) | −.06 (0.12) | −.12 (0.14) | .28 (0.19) | −.11 (0.08) |
| Physical inactivity | .10 (0.12) | −.22 (0.12) | −.13 (0.17) | −.21 (0.18) | −.10 (0.07) | .17 (0.12) | −.13 (0.12) | .01 (0.13) | −.13 (0.15) | −.11 (0.07) |
| SSB consumption | .01 (0.12) | .02 (0.12) | .16 (0.15) | −.52 (0.24)b | .08 (0.09) | .18 (0.12) | .02 (0.13) | .09 (0.17) | −.45 (0.17)b | −.12 (0.08) |
| Nonparental child care | .26 (0.13) | .01 (0.14) | .13 (0.17) | −.08 (0.30) | .03 (0.10) | .33 (0.17)b | .24 (0.13) | −.16 (0.19) | .21 (0.23) | .11 (0.09) |
| Fruit and vegetable consumption | .05 (0.13) | −.10 (0.14) | .11 (0.16) | .19 (0.23) | −.09 (0.09) | .02 (0.16) | −.34 (0.16) | .14 (0.15) | −.48 (0.24)b | −.20 (0.09)b |
| Family meals <4 per wk | −.03 (0.13) | .01 (0.14) | .70 (0.17)c | .40 (0.39) | −.01 (0.11) | −.27 (0.13)b | .37 (0.16)b | −.19 (0.17) | .00 (0.20) | .02 (0.11) |