Percent Difference Child TL at Age 9 Associated With Types of Father Loss (N = 2420)
Type of Father Loss | M1 | M2a | M3 | M4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Any | −14* (.006) | |||
Separation and/or divorce | −6* (.03) | |||
Incarceration | −10* (.01) | |||
Death | −16** (.008) |
All analyses were controlled for race/ethnicity; mother’s age and education at baseline; household income at baseline; child’s sex, birth weight, and birth order; report of whether parents discussed an abortion; parental report of how their relationship was going before the child’s birth; parental history of depression at baseline; parental history of an alcohol problem at baseline; parental incarceration history; if there was any domestic violence during the pregnancy; mother’s self-report of health; and if the mother lived with her parents at age 15.
↵a A separate analysis comparing those children who experienced a divorce or separation with those who were born in a 2-parent household but stayed together found a slightly higher reduction of 7%.
↵* P < .05.
↵** P < .01, 2-tailed (P values in parentheses).