BLLs and Fall PALS-K Total Test Score by Study Population Characteristics
| N | % | GM BLL, Median (IQR), µg/dL | Mean (SD) Fall PALS-K Total Test Score | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study population characteristics | ||||
| Entire group | 3406 | 100 | 4.2 (2.9–6.0) | 41.2 (24.0) |
| BLL categories | ||||
| <5 µg/dL | 2091 | 61.5 | 3.1 (2.2–4.0) | 42.9 (23.9) |
| 5–9 µg/dL | 1098 | 32 | 6.3 (5.5–7.5) | 39.5 (23.9) |
| ≥10 µg/dL | 217 | 6.5 | 11.7(10.8–14.2) | 33.8 (23.3) |
| Individual demographic characteristics | ||||
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 1679 | 49 | 4.2 (2.9–6.0) | 42.5 (23.7) |
| Male | 1727 | 51 | 4.2 (2.8–6.0) | 40.1 (24.2) |
| Age at start of kindergarten | ||||
| <5 years, 3 months | 901 | 26 | 4.2 (2.9–6.0) | 37.1 (22.6) |
| 5 years, 3 months, to <5 years, 6 months | 881 | 26 | 4.0 (2.7–5.5) | 39.7 (23.7) |
| 5 years, 6 months, to <5 years, 9 months | 888 | 26 | 4.2 (2.8–6.0) | 43.7 (23.6) |
| ≥5 years, 9 months | 736 | 24 | 4.6 (3.1–6.6) | 45.4 (25.2) |
| Race | ||||
| White | 442 | 13 | 4.2 (2.7–6.0) | 50.3 (25.1) |
| Black | 707 | 21 | 5.0 (3.2–7.0) | 46.9 (23.0) |
| Hispanic | 2021 | 59 | 4.0 (2.7–5.6) | 37.3 (23.0) |
| Othera | 236 | 7 | 4.5 (3.0–6.5) | 41.1 (24.2) |
| Child language | ||||
| English | 2074 | 61 | 4.3 (3.0–6.1) | 46.0 (24.0) |
| Spanish | 1219 | 36 | 4.0 (2.7–5.5) | 33.9 (21.9) |
| Otherb | 98 | 3 | 5.0 (3.5–8.0) | 32.1 (21.9) |
| Missing | 15 | <1 | 3.9 (2.4–6.6) | 43.3 (21.3) |
| Birthplace | ||||
| Rhode Island | 2796 | 82 | 4.2 (2.9–6.0) | 42.0 (23.8) |
| Other US state | 424 | 12 | 4.0 (2.7–6.0) | 39.1 (24.9) |
| Central/South America | 100 | 3 | 3.9 (2.9–5.7) | 31.2 (21.1) |
| Other country | 57 | 2 | 6.3 (3.6–9.9) | 38.4 (23.9) |
| Missing | 29 | 1 | 4.0 (2.7–5.7) | 44.1 (22.7) |
| School characteristics | ||||
| Kindergarten year | ||||
| 2004–2005 | 870 | 26 | 4.0 (2.7–6.0) | 37.9 (22.5) |
| 2005–2006 | 1272 | 37 | 4.2 (2.9–6.0) | 42.1 (24.3) |
| 2006–2007 | 1264 | 37 | 4.3 (2.9–6.1) | 42.7 (24.4) |
| Kindergarten program | ||||
| Dual language | 115 | 3 | 3.9 (2.9–5.7) | 36.2 (17.9) |
| English as a second language | 568 | 17 | 4.2 (2.9–6.2) | 25.2 (17.6) |
| Regular | 2723 | 80 | 4.2 (2.8–6.0) | 44.8 (23.9) |
| Reading First school | ||||
| Yes | 891 | 26 | 4.2 (2.9–6.0) | 40.9 (24.7) |
| No | 2515 | 74 | 4.2 (2.9–6.0) | 41.4 (24.4) |
| SES | ||||
| Free/reduced/pay lunch status | ||||
| Free | 2713 | 80 | 4.3 (3.0–6.1) | 39.3 (23.4) |
| Reduced | 357 | 10 | 3.8 (2.5–5.2) | 45.5 (24.5) |
| Pay | 336 | 10 | 3.9 (2.3–5.6) | 52.2 (24.5) |
| Birth data | ||||
| Birth weight category | ||||
| <1500 g | 42 | 1 | 4.0 (2.8–6.0) | 37.4 (21.4) |
| 1500–2499 g | 175 | 5 | 4.6 (2.8–6.0) | 43.6 (25.8) |
| ≥2500 g | 2479 | 73 | 4.2 (2.9–6.0) | 41.9 (23.7) |
| Missing | 710 | 21 | 4.0 (2.8–6.0) | 38.7 (24.4) |
| Gestational age | ||||
| <34 weeks | 66 | 2 | 4.1 (3.0–5.7) | 38.3 (23.4) |
| 34–36 weeks | 200 | 6 | 4.5 (3.0–6.2) | 43.5 (25.3) |
| ≥37 weeks | 2430 | 71 | 4.2 (2.9–6.0) | 41.9 (23.7) |
| Missing | 710 | 21 | 4.0 (2.8–6.0) | 38.7 (24.4) |
| Maternal high school education | ||||
| No | 1164 | 34 | 4.6 (3.1–6.5) | 35.6 (22.3) |
| Yes | 1437 | 42 | 4.0 (2.7–5.8) | 46.8 (23.9) |
| Missing | 805 | 24 | 4.0 (2.7–6.0) | 39.4 (24.2) |
| Public insurance at birth | ||||
| No | 608 | 18 | 3.9 (2.5–5.5) | 48.3 (23.6) |
| Yes | 2088 | 61 | 4.4 (3.0–6.2) | 40.1 (23.5) |
| Missing | 710 | 21 | 4.0 (2.8–6.0) | 38.7 (24.4) |
| Parents married at child’s birth | ||||
| Yes | 731 | 21 | 3.8 (2.5–5.4) | 46.0 (24.2) |
| No | 1965 | 58 | 4.5 (3.0–6.2) | 40.4 (23.5) |
| Missing | 710 | 21 | 4.0 (2.8–6.0) | 38.7 (24.4) |