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American Academy of Pediatrics
Pre-publication Release

Incidence and Secondary Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Schools

Kanecia O. Zimmerman, Ibukunoluwa C. Akinboyo, M. Alan Brookhart, Angelique E. Boutzoukas, Kathleen McGann, Michael J. Smith, Gabriela Maradiaga Panayotti, Sarah C. Armstrong, Helen Bristow, Donna Parker, Sabrina Zadrozny, David J. Weber and Daniel K. Benjamin; for The ABC Science Collaborative
Pediatrics January 2021, e2020048090; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-048090
Kanecia O. Zimmerman
1Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC;
2Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC;
3Co-Chair, The ABC Science Collaborative;
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Ibukunoluwa C. Akinboyo
1Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC;
2Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC;
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M. Alan Brookhart
4Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC;
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Angelique E. Boutzoukas
1Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC;
2Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC;
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Kathleen McGann
2Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC;
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Michael J. Smith
2Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC;
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Gabriela Maradiaga Panayotti
2Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC;
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Sarah C. Armstrong
1Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC;
2Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC;
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Helen Bristow
1Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC;
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Donna Parker
1Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC;
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Sabrina Zadrozny
5Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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David J. Weber
6University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
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Daniel K. Benjamin Jr.
1Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC;
2Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC;
3Co-Chair, The ABC Science Collaborative;
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  • RE: How should we view the policy recommendation in a changing pandemic?
    Daniel K. Benjamin
    Published on: 04 February 2021
  • RE: response to Dr. Prasad Kasibhatla
    Daniel K. Benjamin
    Published on: 04 February 2021
  • How should we view the policy recommendation in a changing pandemic?
    Eric Green
    Published on: 29 January 2021
  • RE:
    Prasad Kasibhatla
    Published on: 12 January 2021
  • Published on: (4 February 2021)
    RE: How should we view the policy recommendation in a changing pandemic?
    • Daniel K. Benjamin, Pediatric Infectious Diseases physician, Duke Clinical Research Institute

    Thank you for your thoughtful comment. As we learn more about variants we will certainly need to reassess mitigation strategies and the closely monitor for changes in transmissibility that might serve to limit the applicability of our current results. The B.1.1.7 variant has a mutation in the spike protein which allows more efficient binding and facilitating viral entry. This more efficient cellular entry is thought to explain the documented increased transmissibility. Thus, it is critical that mitigation measures which reduce person-to-person transmission remain at the forefront, as prevention of spread of infection through distancing and mask wearing will be critical to prevent transmission of this more efficient variant.

    Competing Interests: None declared.
  • Published on: (4 February 2021)
    RE: response to Dr. Prasad Kasibhatla
    • Daniel K. Benjamin, Pediatric Infectious Diseases physician, Duke Clinical Research Institute

    Thank you for your comment. As we described in the paper, adjudication of cases was left to each district's public health officials. Daily symptom monitoring was conducted in schools, and symptomatic students were asked to go to free testing sites identified by the school district. Upon identification of a case, contact tracing was conducted to adjudicate the infection as either primary (community acquired) or secondary (acquired within school setting). These data were then reported by district superintendents as aggregated data to ABC faculty. This was specifically to protect potentially identifiable information, as several schools had low numbers of infections. All close contacts were recommended to undergo testing and free testing sites were identified by the school district (see attached sample letter and schedule from one of the districts as an example). We do not have access to the number of close contacts who underwent testing, in part because mandated testing was not required by the study. As stated in the manuscript, non-mandated testing is a limitation of these data.

    Competing Interests: None declared.
  • Published on: (29 January 2021)
    How should we view the policy recommendation in a changing pandemic?
    • Eric Green, Assistant Professor, Duke Global Health Institute

    Well done. This informative paper concludes, "Our data indicate that schools can reopen safely if they develop and adhere to specific SARS-CoV-2 prevention policies." This seems right based on the data at hand for the period of investigation, but do the authors think that the findings will generalize to a situation where possibly more infectious variants like B.1.1.7 are spreading? Are there limits to this guidance?

    Competing Interests: None declared.
  • Published on: (12 January 2021)
    RE:
    • Prasad Kasibhatla, Professor, Duke University

    It is unclear to me how exactly confirmed cases were separated into primary (presumably this means acquired by community transmission) and secondary cases (presumably this means acquired by in-school transmission) . There is almost no information in the paper about this, nor is there a discussion of associated uncertainties. There is also no information as to the extent of testing and any assessment of what fraction of cases (primary and secondary) might have been missed and how this might/might not impact the conclusions.

    Competing Interests: None declared.
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1 Mar 2021
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Incidence and Secondary Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Schools
Kanecia O. Zimmerman, Ibukunoluwa C. Akinboyo, M. Alan Brookhart, Angelique E. Boutzoukas, Kathleen McGann, Michael J. Smith, Gabriela Maradiaga Panayotti, Sarah C. Armstrong, Helen Bristow, Donna Parker, Sabrina Zadrozny, David J. Weber, Daniel K. Benjamin
Pediatrics Jan 2021, e2020048090; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-048090

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Incidence and Secondary Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Schools
Kanecia O. Zimmerman, Ibukunoluwa C. Akinboyo, M. Alan Brookhart, Angelique E. Boutzoukas, Kathleen McGann, Michael J. Smith, Gabriela Maradiaga Panayotti, Sarah C. Armstrong, Helen Bristow, Donna Parker, Sabrina Zadrozny, David J. Weber, Daniel K. Benjamin
Pediatrics Jan 2021, e2020048090; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-048090
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