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Discover Pediatric Collections on COVID-19 and Racism and Its Effects on Pediatric Health

American Academy of Pediatrics
Article

Economic Evaluation of the Routine Childhood Immunization Program in the United States, 2009

Fangjun Zhou, Abigail Shefer, Jay Wenger, Mark Messonnier, Li Yan Wang, Adriana Lopez, Matthew Moore, Trudy V. Murphy, Margaret Cortese and Lance Rodewald
Pediatrics March 2014, peds.2013-0698; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0698
Fangjun Zhou
aNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and
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Abigail Shefer
aNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and
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Jay Wenger
aNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and
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Mark Messonnier
aNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and
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Li Yan Wang
bNational Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Adriana Lopez
aNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and
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Matthew Moore
aNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and
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Trudy V. Murphy
bNational Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Margaret Cortese
aNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and
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Lance Rodewald
aNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and
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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the economic impact of the 2009 routine US childhood immunization schedule, including diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate, inactivated poliovirus, measles/mumps/rubella, hepatitis B, varicella, 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate, hepatitis A, and rotavirus vaccines; influenza vaccine was not included.

METHODS: Decision analysis was conducted using population-based vaccination coverage, published vaccine efficacies, historical data on disease incidence before vaccination, and disease incidence reported during 2005 to 2009. Costs were estimated using the direct cost and societal (direct and indirect costs) perspectives. Program costs included vaccine, administration, vaccine-associated adverse events, and parent travel and work time lost. All costs were inflated to 2009 dollars, and all costs and benefits in the future were discounted at a 3% annual rate. A hypothetical 2009 US birth cohort of 4 261 494 infants over their lifetime was followed up from birth through death. Net present value (net savings) and benefit-cost ratios of routine childhood immunization were calculated.

RESULTS: Analyses showed that routine childhood immunization among members of the 2009 US birth cohort will prevent ∼42 000 early deaths and 20 million cases of disease, with net savings of $13.5 billion in direct costs and $68.8 billion in total societal costs, respectively. The direct and societal benefit-cost ratios for routine childhood vaccination with these 9 vaccines were 3.0 and 10.1.

CONCLUSIONS: From both direct cost and societal perspectives, vaccinating children as recommended with these vaccines results in substantial cost savings.

  • diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP)
  • tetanus and diphtheria toxoids vaccine (Td)
  • Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (Hib)
  • inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV)
  • measles/mumps/rubella vaccine (MMR)
  • hepatitis B vaccine (HepB)
  • varicella vaccine (VAR)
  • 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7)
  • hepatitis A vaccine (HepA)
  • rotavirus vaccine (Rota)
  • net savings
  • benefit-cost analysis
  • Accepted January 13, 2014.
  • Copyright © 2014 by the American Academy of Pediatrics
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Pediatrics
Vol. 147, Issue 4
1 Apr 2021
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Economic Evaluation of the Routine Childhood Immunization Program in the United States, 2009
Fangjun Zhou, Abigail Shefer, Jay Wenger, Mark Messonnier, Li Yan Wang, Adriana Lopez, Matthew Moore, Trudy V. Murphy, Margaret Cortese, Lance Rodewald
Pediatrics Mar 2014, peds.2013-0698; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-0698

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Economic Evaluation of the Routine Childhood Immunization Program in the United States, 2009
Fangjun Zhou, Abigail Shefer, Jay Wenger, Mark Messonnier, Li Yan Wang, Adriana Lopez, Matthew Moore, Trudy V. Murphy, Margaret Cortese, Lance Rodewald
Pediatrics Mar 2014, peds.2013-0698; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-0698
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Subjects

  • Infectious Disease
    • Infectious Disease
    • Vaccine/Immunization
  • Advocacy
    • Child Health Financing
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Keywords

  • diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP)
  • tetanus and diphtheria toxoids vaccine (Td)
  • Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (Hib)
  • inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV)
  • measles/mumps/rubella vaccine (MMR)
  • hepatitis B vaccine (HepB)
  • varicella vaccine (VAR)
  • 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7)
  • hepatitis A vaccine (HepA)
  • rotavirus vaccine (Rota)
  • net savings
  • benefit-cost analysis
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