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Tables
- TABLE 1
Descriptive Statistics for All Variables for Cases, Noncases in the Logistic Regression Analysis, and Matched Controls in the Case-Control Analysis
Cases (n = 427) Noncases (n = 56 908) Matched Controls (n = 21 350) Exposure, % No 52.2 49.1 51.9 Yes 47.8 50.9 48.1 Race and/or ethnicity, %a American Indian or Alaskan native 4.6 1.9 2.0 Asian American 2.1 3.5 3.7 African American or Black 23.4 14.7 14.8 Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander 0.9 0.5 0.5 White 54.3 72.1 71.7 Prefer to not answer (race) 18.7 9.6 9.6 Hispanic, Latinx, or Spanish origin 34.2 18.6 18.2 Prefer to not answer (ethnicity) 2.8 2.1 2.1 Gender, % Female 96.0 97.0 97.0 Male 3.3 2.3 2.3 Nonbinary 0.0 0.2 0.2 Prefer to not answer 0.7 0.5 0.5 Age, y, mean (SD) 45.71 (12.49) 45.97 (12.30) 46.19 (12.31) Child care type, % Center basedb 65.8 71.4 72.2 Family based or home based 34.2 28.6 27.8 Director or owner of center-based care, % No 78.7 73.4 74.2 Yes 21.3 26.6 25.8 Personal COVID-19 health precautions, mean (SD) Masks, hand-washing, and/or distancing, 0–3 2.86 (0.40) 2.77 (0.52) 2.80 (0.49) Avoiding social interactions, 0–3 2.34 (0.89) 2.11 (1.04) 2.13 (1.03) Avoiding high-risk situations and travel, 0–4 2.64 (0.74) 2.71 (0.67) 2.71 (0.66) County COVID-19 cumulative death rate, %c Low (0–0.0561 deaths per 1000) 24.6 33.6 31.2 Moderate (0.0564–0.2180 deaths per 1000) 24.1 34.2 33.0 High (0.2184–13.5248 deaths per 1000) 51.3 32.3 35.8 County household median income, %c Low ($13 242–$54 976) 27.6 33.6 32.4 Moderate ($54 979–$65 010) 36.3 32.3 33.8 High ($65 027–$136 268) 36.1 34.2 33.8 ↵a Race and/or ethnicity options were “check all that apply”; resulting proportions may not add to 100%.
↵b Center-based child care included (1) for-profit centers (32.5%), (2) nonprofit centers (27.4%), (3) school-based centers (16.7%), (4) Head Start centers (13.9%), (5) drop-in centers (2.0%), and (6) other centers (7.4%).
↵c County-level data were trichotomized into proportionally equal thirds.
- TABLE 2
Infection-Control Efforts Reported in Open Child Care Programs During April 2020 (N = 20 550)
Reporting Each Effort Every Day, % Once Daily Twice Daily Thrice Daily Screening Child symptom screening 78.4 40.7 — Child temperature checks 76.1 33.3 — Staff symptom screening 73.9 35.4 — Staff temperature checks 69.3 28.3 — Disinfecting All indoor surfaces 90.2 73.9 56.5 All doorknobs, bathroom fixtures, handles 90.3 71.1 54.3 All toys, books, classroom materials 81.7 55.2 39.6 No child-accessible items that are hard to disinfect 75.0 — — Hand hygiene All children washed hands frequently 92.7 — — All staff washed hands frequently 90.2 — — Masks and personal protective equipment All children (≥2 y old) wore facial masks 11.8 — — All adults wore facial masks 35.2 — — All adults wore aprons and/or changed clothes before work 61.7 — — All adults wore gloves when handling children 33.2 — — Cohorting No mixing of children between child groups 53.6 — — No sharing of items between child groups 67.3 — — Social distancing Seating or cots ≥6 ft apart 68.0 — — Staggered arrival and departure times 51.2 — — All children curbside drop-off and/or pickup 78.8 — — All child belongings separated 85.8 — — No eating family style or sharing food 49.4 — — Percentages indicate the proportion of providers reporting that a specific infection-control effort was employed either every day or (for some efforts) twice or thrice daily. —, not applicable.
- TABLE 3
Personal COVID-19 Health Precautions: Principal Component Analysis With Factor Loadings
Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Items Asked family and friends not to visit 0.79 — — Avoided extended family and friends even if not symptomatic 0.77 — — Avoided eating outside of home 0.55 — — Avoided close contact with people who were sick — 0.79 — Avoided traveling to high COVID-19–infection places — 0.71 — Avoided social events they would normally attend — 0.52 — Canceled business trips, social trips, vacations — 0.47 — Tried to maintain at least 6 ft from others when outside home — — 0.75 Wore facial covering or mask almost always when outside home — — 0.60 Frequently washed or sanitized hands when outside home — — 0.57 Factor statistics Eigen value 3.36 1.06 0.99 % variance accounted (from rotated sums of squared loadings) 22.0 18.8 13.4 Cronbach’s α 0.75 0.86 0.82 Factor loadings are from Kaiser-normalized varimax rotation, suppressing <0.45. —, not applicable.
- TABLE 4
Comparison of Total Analytic Sample Versus National Estimates of Child Care Provider Demographics and County-Level Descriptions
Total Analytic Sample National Estimates Age, mean, y 45.97 38.70 Men, % 2.3 6.5 Race and/or ethnicity, % American Indian or Alaskan native 2.0 0.8 Asian American 3.5 3.9 African American or Black 14.7 15.1 White 72.0 69.9 Hispanic 18.7 22.0 County COVID-19 deaths per 1000, mean 0.34 0.30 County household median income, mean $ 64 362 63 179 Age, gender, and race and/or ethnicity comparisons are between the total analytic sample (N = 57 335) and national child care provider estimates based on the 2018 American Community Survey (ACS). ACS data are weighted national averages for individuals with an occupation of child care workers (occupation code 4600) between the ages of 18 and 65. For the ACS, Asian American includes Chinese, Japanese, and other Asian or Pacific Islander; Hispanic includes Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, or other. County COVID-19 deaths per 1000 are the mean deaths per 1000 individuals for the counties of survey respondents versus the US national average. County household median income for survey respondents is the mean of the median annual household income of the counties of the survey respondents constructed by using the 2018 5-year ACS data. County household median income for the national child care provider estimate is the mean median income for the county in 2018 reported by the US Census.
All Providers Center-Based Providers Home-Based Providers Infants (<1 y) 8.3 8.2 8.3 Toddlers (1–2 y) 29.7 30.6 29.4 Preschool-aged children (3–5 y) 43.1 50.5 40.0 School-aged children (≥6 y) 18.9 10.8 22.3 - TABLE 6
Adjusted Logistic Regression Unmatched Analysis Predicting Cases (n = 427) Versus Noncases (n = 56 908)
OR 95% Wald CI P Exposure to child care No Reference Reference Reference Yes 1.06 0.82–1.38 .66 Race and/or ethnicity White Reference Reference Reference American Indian or Alaskan native 2.37 1.46–3.86 .001 Asian American 0.83 0.42–1.64 .60 African American or Black 1.97 1.53–2.53 <.001 Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander 1.86 0.65–5.29 .25 Prefer not to answer (race) 1.59 1.17–2.16 .003 Hispanic 2.13 1.63–2.77 <.001 Prefer not to answer (ethnicity) 1.31 0.69–2.50 .41 Gendera Female Reference Reference Reference Male 1.60 0.93–2.75 .09 Prefer not to answer 0.97 0.29–3.23 .98 Age 1.00 0.99–1.01 .78 Child care type Center based Reference Reference Reference Family based or home based 1.25 0.87–1.80 .22 Director or owner (of center-based care) No Reference Reference Reference Yes 0.95 0.72–1.25 .73 Personal COVID-19 health precautions Masks, hand-washing, and/or distancing 1.16 0.90–1.50 .24 Avoiding social interactions 1.27 1.13–1.44 .001 Avoiding high-risk situations and travel 0.72 0.62–0.84 <.001 County COVID-19 cumulative deaths Low Reference Reference Reference Moderate 1.13 0.83–1.54 .45 High 1.60 1.19–2.15 .002 County median household income Low Reference Reference Reference Moderate 1.26 0.96–1.65 .10 High 1.03 0.76–1.41 .84 Interaction effects Exposure × child care type 0.85 0.54–1.34 .49 The state where the child care program was located (all 50 states, plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico) was entered in the logistic regression analysis but is not reflected in the table.
↵a No survey respondents self-identified as nonbinary, so we dropped this value from analysis.
- TABLE 7
Adjusted Case-Controlled Conditional Logistic Regression Analysis Predicting Cases (n = 427) Versus Matched Controls (n = 21 350)
OR 95% CI P Exposure to child care 0.94 0.73–1.21 .64 Child care type (family or home based) 1.59 1.14–2.23 <.01 Interaction (child care type × exposure) 0.82 0.53–1.26 .37 Cases were propensity score–matched to controls by using 1:50 random matching without replacement with a caliper width of 0.2 × SD of the logit function. Values used in the propensity score included age, race, ethnicity, sex, director status, county-level COVID-19 death rate, county-level median household income, personal COVID-19 health precaution measures (3 continuous variables), and state where child care program was located (indicator variables).
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