Article Information
- Accepted September 30, 2020
- Published online January 1, 2021.
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Author Information
- Walter S. Gilliam, PhDa,
- Amyn A. Malik, MBBS, MPH, PhDc,b,
- Mehr Shafiq, BSb,d,
- Madeline Klotz, BAa,
- Chin Reyes, PhDa,
- John Eric Humphries, PhDe,
- Thomas Murray, MD, PhDf,g,
- Jad A. Elharake, BSb,h,
- David Wilkinson, JDa,i, and
- Saad B. Omer, MBBS, MPH, PhD, FIDSAb,c,h,j
- aYale Child Study Center and
- fDepartment of Pediatrics,
- cSchool of Medicine,
- hSchools of Public Health and
- jNursing,
- bYale Institute for Global Health,
- iTobin Center for Economic Policy, and
- eDepartment of Economics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut;
- dMailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
- gYale New Haven Children’s Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut
Dr Gilliam conceptualized the study, designed the study, conducted the literature search, led all aspects of data collection and analysis, and drafted the initial manuscript; Dr Malik designed the study, conducted the literature search, analyzed data, contributed to data interpretation, and contributed to the writing and critical revision of the manuscript; Ms Shafiq analyzed data, contributed to data interpretation, and contributed to critical revision of the manuscript; Ms Klotz led data acquisition and development of the online survey tool, analyzed data, contributed to data interpretation, and contributed to critical revision of the manuscript; Dr Reyes designed the study, analyzed the data, contributed to data interpretation, and contributed to critical revision of the manuscript; Drs Humphries and Murray designed the study, contributed to data interpretation, and contributed to critical revision of the manuscript; Mr Elharake conducted the literature search, contributed to data interpretation, and contributed to the writing and critical revision of the manuscript; Mr Wilkinson contributed to data interpretation and critical revision of the manuscript; Dr Omer designed the study, contributed to the analytic approach, contributed to data interpretation, and contributed to critical revision of the manuscript; and all authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.