Article Figures & Data
- FIGURE 1
Adolescents in primary care reporting both substance use and mood problems.
- TABLE 1
Comparison Between Adolescents With Both Past-Year Substance Use and Recent Mood Symptoms and Those Without (n = 1871)
Full Sample Adolescents With Past-Year Substance Use and Recent Mood Problems (n = 289) Adolescents With Either Past-Year Substance Use or Recent Mood Problems (n = 1582) P Demographics, n (%) Women 199 (68.9) 842(53.2) <.01 Race and ethnicity, n (%) White 65 (22.5) 461 (29.1) .15 Black 111 (38.4) 525 (33.2) — Asian American 30 (10.4) 189 (11.9) — Hispanic 62 (21.5) 332 (21.0) — Other 5 (1.7) 20 (1.3) — Age, mean (SD) 16.1 (0.08) 15.8 (0.04) <.01 Comorbidity in year before, n (%) Any depression diagnosis 53 (18.3) 96 (6.1) <.01 Any substance use diagnosis 8 (2.8) 48 (3.0) .91 At least 1 chronic conditiona 52 (18.0) 284 (18.0) .99 —, not applicable.
↵a Chronic conditions included asthma, arthritis, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, migraine, rhinitis, and sinusitis.
Analytic Sample SBIRT Group (n = 185) UC (n = 104) P Demographics, n (%) Women 134 (72.4) 65 (62.5) .08 Race ethnicity, n (%) White 37 (20) 28 (26.9) .47 Black 72 (38.9) 39 (37.5) — Asian American 21 (11.4) 9 (8.7) — Hispanic 42 (22.7) 20 (19.2) — Other 2 (1) 3 (2.9) — Age, mean (SD) 16.1 (0.1) 16.1 (0.1) .87 —, not applicable.
- TABLE 3
Unadjusted Prevalence of Depression, Substance Use and Medical Diagnoses, and Health Care Use Over Time
1 y Prescreening 1 y Prescreening 1 y Prescreening SBIRT Group (n = 185) UC (n = 104) P SBIRT Group (n = 185) UC (n = 104) P SBIRT Group (n = 185) UC (n = 104) P Comorbidity, n (%) Any depression diagnosis 30 (16.2) 23 (21.9) .21 7 (3.8) 12 (11.4) .01 31 (16.8) 29 (27.6) .03 Any substance use diagnosis 5 (2.7) 3 (2.9) .93 4 (2.2) 3 (2.9) .70 22 (11.9) 21 (20.0) .06 Any chronic conditiona 28 (15.1) 24 (22.9) .09 11 (5.9) 14 (13.3) .03 64 (34.6) 43 (41.0) .25 Any use, n (%) Hospitalization 2 (1.1) 0 (0.0) .29 0 (0.0) 1 (1.0) .18 6 (3.2) 7 (6.7) .17 Any outpatient 142 (76.8) 80 (76.2) .97 52 (28.1) 38 (36.2) .14 161 (87.0) 92 (87.6) .72 ED 42 (22.7) 27 (25.7) .53 11 (5.9) 11 (10.5) .15 67 (36.2) 47 (44.8) .13 Specialty substance use treatment 4 (2.2) 0 (0.0) .13 1 (0.5) 0 (0.0) .45 8 (4.3) 8 (7.6) .23 Psychiatry 46 (24.9) 23 (21.9) .60 12 (6.5) 10 (9.5) .34 38 (20.5) 27 (25.7) .29 Primary care 130 (70.3) 76 (72.4) .61 46 (24.9) 33 (31.4) .21 157 (84.9) 88 (83.8) .95 No. visits, mean (SE) All outpatient 6.55 (0.81) 5.63 (0.01) .50 1.51 (0.31) 2.01 (0.43) .35 12.11 (1.76) 13.13 (1.73) .68 ED 0.31 (0.05) 0.39 (0.08) .35 0.08 (0.02) 0.17 (0.06) .14 0.78 (0.11) 1.17 (0.22) .12 Specialty substance use treatment 0.32 (0.22) 0.00 (0.00) .15 0.14 (0.14) 0.00 (0.00) .32 2.59 (1.18) 2.05 (1.22) .75 Psychiatry 2.56 (0.53) 2.52 (0.87) .97 0.36 (0.12) 0.61 (0.25) .39 2.04 (0.46) 2.60 (0.82) .55 Primary care 1.97 (0.17) 1.78 (0.20) .49 0.68 (0.12) 0.86 (0.18) .41 5.12 (0.44) 5.28 (0.51) .82 ↵a Any chronic condition included asthma, arthritis, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, migraine, rhinitis, and sinusitis.
- TABLE 4
Multivariate Analyses of Depression, Substance Use, and Chronic Medical Diagnoses 1 and 3 Years Postscreening
1-y Postscreening 3-y Postscreening OR 95% Confidence Limits P OR 95% Confidence Limits P Depression diagnosis SBIRT group (reference = UC) 0.31 0.11 0.87 ** 0.51 0.28 0.94 ** Female (reference = male) 2.64 0.68 10.28 — 2.27 1.07 4.81 ** Age 1.07 0.71 1.63 — 0.84 0.66 1.06 — Race and ethnicity (reference = white) Asian American 0.21 0.02 2.09 — 0.30 0.07 1.22 — Black 0.79 0.25 2.52 — 0.73 0.34 1.59 — Hispanic 0.26 0.05 1.39 — 0.72 0.31 1.67 — Unknown or missing 0.39 0.04 3.69 — 0.45 0.11 1.85 — Previous depression diagnosis 6.65 2.38 18.54 ** 3.13 1.57 6.26 ** Substance use diagnosisa SBIRT group (reference = UC) N/A N/A N/A — 0.46 0.23 0.92 ** Female (reference = male) N/A N/A N/A — 1.69 0.77 3.71 — Age N/A N/A N/A — 1.24 0.95 1.64 — Race and ethnicity (reference = white) N/A N/A N/A Asian American N/A N/A N/A — 0.16 0.01 1.66 — Black N/A N/A N/A — 1.09 0.42 2.85 — Hispanic N/A N/A N/A — 1.89 0.70 5.07 — Unknown or missing N/A N/A N/A — 1.79 0.45 7.06 — Previous substance use diagnosis N/A N/A N/A — 13.08 2.63 65.07 ** Chronic medical diagnosis SBIRT group (reference = UC) 0.48 0.21 1.14 — 0.85 0.49 1.46 — Female (reference = male) 0.89 0.36 2.16 — 1.40 0.78 2.49 — Age 0.97 0.70 1.34 — 0.85 0.70 1.04 — Race and ethnicity (reference = white) Asian American 0.27 0.03 2.33 — 0.56 0.19 1.63 — Black 0.57 0.20 1.59 — 0.83 0.41 1.68 — Hispanic 0.53 0.16 1.78 — 0.72 0.34 1.56 — Unknown or missing 0.44 0.05 3.86 — 0.60 0.19 1.96 — Previous medical condition 2.70 1.07 6.78 ** 6.88 3.42 13.82 ** Rate Ratio 95% CI P ED use SBIRT group (reference = UC) 0.65 0.44 0.97 ** Female (reference = male) 1.82 1.18 2.80 ** Age 1.18 1.02 1.36 ** Race and ethnicity Asian American 0.27 0.10 0.72 ** Black 1.30 0.77 2.21 — Hispanic 1.29 0.73 2.27 — Unknown or missing 1.12 0.49 2.54 — Psychiatric treatment use SBIRT group (reference = UC) 1.00 0.55 1.85 — Female (reference = male) 1.41 0.76 2.62 — Age 0.70 0.57 0.87 ** Race and ethnicity (reference = white) Asian American 0.20 0.06 0.63 ** Black 0.32 0.14 0.70 ** Hispanic 0.43 0.18 1.04 * Unknown or missing 0.93 0.27 3.17 — Primary care use SBIRT group (reference = UC) 0.89 0.69 1.15 — Female (reference = male) 1.64 1.26 2.14 ** Age 0.92 0.84 1.01 * Race and ethnicity (reference = white) Asian American 0.85 0.53 1.37 — Black 1.09 0.78 1.50 — Hispanic 1.10 0.77 1.57 — Unknown or missing 1.30 0.77 2.17 — All outpatient use SBIRT group (reference = UC) 0.89 0.65 1.22 — Female (reference = male) 1.22 0.89 1.69 — Age 0.91 0.82 1.01 * Race and ethnicity (reference = white) Asian American 0.46 0.25 0.83 ** Black 0.59 0.39 0.88 ** Hispanic 1.11 0.71 1.74 — Unknown or missing 1.39 0.45 1.61 —
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