Article Figures & Data
Tables
- TABLE 1
Characteristics of Parents and Adolescents in Parent-Adolescent Dyads (2004–2012 NSDUH)
Characteristic Parents (N = 35 000) Adolescents (N = 35 000) Age, y 43.4 (7.0) 14.5 (1.7) Female sex, % 56.7 47.5 Parent-child dyads, % Mother and son 29.6 — Mother and daughter 27.1 — Father and son 22.9 — Father and daughter 20.4 — Race and/or ethnicity, % African American — 12.2 White — 60.4 Hispanic — 19.7 Other — 7.7 Education, % High school or less 44.4 — Some college 26.4 — College graduate 29.2 — Marital status, % Married 79.2 — Separated or divorced 12.9 — Widowed 1.2 — Never married 6.7 — Perceived parenting by adolescent (past 12 mo), mean (SD) Lack of monitoring 2.1 (0.7) — Conflict 1.6 (0.8) — Lack of support 2.9 (1.4) — Lifetime, % NMPOsa 13.5 8.8 Smoking 68.9 20.6 Alcohol 88.7 35.6 Marijuana 51.0 15.2 OIDsb 24.6 3.8 Initiated other drug before NMPOs, % Cigarettes — 18.8 Alcohol — 32.9 Marijuana — 13.1 OIDsc — 2.1 Perceived risk of drug use (range 0–6), mean (SD) 4.8 (1.3) 4.1 (1.7) Perceived drug use of schoolmates,b % None or a few use — 52.7 Most or all use — 47.3 Religiosity (range 1–4), mean (SD) — 2.5 (0.8) Delinquency (past 12 mo; range 0–6), mean (SD) — 0.5 (0.9) Lifetime depression, % 12.8 12.2 Weighted estimates. —, not applicable.
↵a Includes 21 prescription opioids: Darvocet, Darvon, and Tylenol with Codeine (as a group); Percocet, Percodan, and Tylox (as a group); Vicodin, Lortab, and Lorcet (as a group); Codeine; Demerol; Dilaudid and Fioricet; Fiorinal; Hydrocodone; Methadone; Morphine; Oxycontin; Phenaphen with Codeine; Propoxyphene; Sk-65; Stadol; Talacen; Talwin; Talwin Nx; Tramadol; and Ultram.
↵b Cocaine, crack, heroin, or hallucinogens.
↵c Smoking, alcohol, or marijuana.
- TABLE 2
Prevalence of Lifetime NMPO Use Among Parents and Adolescents by Sex, Race and/or Ethnicity, and Adolescent Age in Parent-Adolescent Dyads (2004–2012 NSDUH)
Lifetime NMPO Use, % (95% CI) n P Parents Mothers 12.8 (12.1–13.6)a 21 200 .05 Fathers 14.3 (13.4–15.3)b 13 800 __ Race and/or ethnicity White 15.6 (14.8–16.4)a 23 500 .001 African American 9.6 (8.2–11.2)b 4000 — Hispanic 9.2 (8.0–10.4)b 5400 — Other 11.7 (9.2–14.7)b 2200 — Adolescents Male 8.5 (7.8–9.3) 17 900 ns Female 9.2 (8.5–9.9) 17 100 — Race and/or ethnicity White 9.2 (8.6–9.9) 22 100 ns African American 8.3 (6.9–9.8) 3900 — Hispanic 8.8 (7.8–9.9) 6200 — Other 7.0 (5.4–8.9) 2800 — Age, y 12 4.4 (3.5–5.6)a 6300 .001 13 4.6 (3.8–5.7)a 6500 — 14 6.2 (5.3–7.4)b 6000 — 15 11.0 (9.7–12.5)c 5700 — 16 12.1 (10.9–13.4)c 5500 — 17 14.5 (13.1–16.0)d 5000 — Weighted estimates. For each characteristic (sex, race and/or ethnicity, and age), different superscripts indicate significant group differences at P < .05. ns, not significant; —, not applicable.
- TABLE 3
Logistic Regression of Parent and Adolescent Characteristics on Adolescent Lifetime Use of NMPOs (2004–2012 NSDUH)
Characteristics OR (95% CI), (n = 35 000) aOR (95% CI), (n = 35 000) Parents Age 1.00 (0.99–1.01) 1.00 (0.99–1.01) Mothers (versus fathers) 1.05 (0.93–1.19) 1.02 (0.89–1.17) Education (versus college graduate) Some college 1.39 (1.16–1.68)*** 1.09 (0.89–1.34) High school graduate or less 1.64 (1.37–1.95)*** 1.19 (0.97–1.46) Marital status (versus married) Widowed 1.43 (0.89–2.29) 1.42 (0.82–2.46) Separated or divorced 1.50 (1.26–1.78)*** 1.08 (0.90–1.31) Never married 1.16 (0.94–1.42) 0.94 (0.72–1.22) Lifetime substance use (versus never) NMPOs 1.84 (1.58–2.15)*** 1.30 (1.09–1.56)** Smoking 1.76 (1.51–2.05)*** 1.24 (1.02–1.51)* Alcohol 1.63 (1.31–2.03)*** 1.23 (0.93–1.63) Marijuana 1.65 (1.45–1.89)*** 1.13 (0.93–1.36) OIDsa 1.76 (1.54–2.01)*** 1.18 (0.98–1.41) Perceived risk of drug useb 0.86 (0.82–0.91)*** 0.93 (0.87–1.00)* Lifetime depression (versus never) 1.38 (1.16–1.65)*** 1.04 (0.85–1.26) Perceived parenting by child (past 12 mo)b Lack of monitoring 1.59 (1.50–1.68)*** 1.21 (1.12–1.31)*** Lack of support 1.43 (1.35–1.51)*** 1.05 (0.98–1.12) Conflict 1.54 (1.44–1.65)*** 1.19 (1.10–1.29)*** Adolescents Age 1.34 (1.28–1.39)*** 1.27 (1.21–1.34)*** Boys (versus girls) 0.92 (0.80–1.05) 0.89 (0.76–1.03) Race and/or ethnicity (versus African American) White 1.13 (0.92–1.39) 1.06 (0.83–1.36) Hispanic 1.07 (0.84–1.36) 1.08 (0.81–1.43) Other 0.83 (0.60–1.16) 0.97 (0.67–1.40) Religiosityb 0.71 (0.67–0.76)*** 0.92 (0.86–0.99)* Initiated other drug before NMPO (versus same age, after, or did not use) Cigarettes 3.01 (2.64–3.43)*** 1.37 (1.14–1.65)*** Alcohol 1.65 (1.46–1.87)*** 0.47 (0.39–0.55)*** Marijuana 3.03 (2.63–3.50)*** 1.25 (1.02–1.53)* OIDsa 3.66 (2.72–4.93)*** 0.98 (0.63–1.51) Perceived risk of drug useb 0.71 (0.68–0.75)*** 0.77 (0.72–0.82)*** Perceived drug use of schoolmates (versus none or some use)c Most or all use 3.54 (3.04–4.11)*** 1.71 (1.44–2.04)*** Delinquency (past 12 mo)b 1.72 (1.63–1.80)*** 1.50 (1.42–1.59)*** Lifetime depression (versus never) 2.83 (2.43–3.29)*** 1.62 (1.37–1.93)*** - TABLE 4
Effects of Parental Lifetime NMPO Use by Parent and Adolescent Sex on Adolescent Lifetime NMPO Use (2004–2012 NSDUH)
Parent-Adolescent Dyads Adolescent NMPO Use, aOR (95% CI)a n All parents Mothers 1.62 (1.28–2.05)**,b 21 200 Fathers 0.98 (0.74–1.24)c 13 800 Dyads by sex Mother-daughter pairs 1.70 (1.25–2.30)***,b 10 500 Mother-son pairs 1.53 (1.08–2.15)*,b 10 700 Father-daughter pairs 1.25 (0.86–1.80)b 6600 Father-son pairs 0.71 (0.50–1.00)*,c 7200 Models were controlled for parent and adolescent factors included in Table 3.
↵a In separate models, the interaction effects of parental NMPO use by parent sex and of parental NMPO use by parent and adolescent sex are each statistically significant (P < .01 and P < .001, respectively).
↵b Different superscripts indicate a statically significant difference at P < .05.
↵c Different superscripts indicate a statically significant difference at P < .05.
↵* P < .05; ** P < .01; *** P < .001.
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