Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIGURE 1
List of allergic reaction symptoms highlighting stringent symptoms indicative of convincing FA. All symptoms lister are offered as answer choices in the survey. Symptoms in bold italics comprised our expert panel’s stringent symptom list. A convincing FA required the patient report of at least 1 stringent symptom during a child’s most severe reaction to a given food. A severe reaction consisted of a parent report of at least 2 stringent symptoms from 2 different body systems during a child’s most severe reaction to a given food.
- FIGURE 2
Convincing, physician-confirmed, and severe childhood FA categorization flowchart. GI, gastrointestinal; SPT, skin prick test; sIgE, allergen-specific immunoglobulin E.
- FIGURE 3
Comparing rates of parent-reported versus convincing versus physician-confirmed FAs.
Tables
Variable Population-Weighted Frequency % (95% CI) All Children Children With FA P Race and/or ethnicity Asian American, non-Hispanic 3.2 (2.8–3.8) 2.8 (2.2–3.5) .20 African American, non-Hispanic 13.2 (12.3–14.2) 15.4 (13.1–18.1) .06 White, non-Hispanic 52.8 (51.2–54.4)* 48.3 (45.0–51.7)* <.01* Hispanic 24.1 (22.5–25.7) 26.5 (23.2–30.0) .14 Multiracial or other 6.6 (6.1–7.3) 7.1 (5.7–8.7) .56 Sex Female 48.9 (47.8–50.0) 48.2 (45.0–51.5) .68 Male 51.1 (50.0–52.2) 51.8 (48.6–55.0) Age, y 0 5.3 (4.8–5.9)* 1.9 (1.5–2.5)* <.001* 1 4.9 (4.4–5.3) 5.6 (4.3–7.3) .28 2 5.7 (5.3–6.3) 7.5 (5.4–10.4) .09 3–5 16.2 (15.5–17.0) 17.8 (15.3–20.5) .22 6–10 27.9 (26.9–28.8) 29.1 (26.5–31.9) .34 11–13 16.6 (15.9–17.4) 16.5 (14.3–18.9) .88 14–17 23.4 (22.4–24.4) 21.6 (19.3–24.2) .17 Household income, $ <25 000 16.1 (14.9–17.3) 15.4 (13.0–18.1) .55 25 000–49 999 22.2 (20.9–23.5) 23.2 (20.6–26.1) .43 50 000–99 999 31.1 (29.8–32.5) 31.5 (28.6–34.5) .82 100 000–149 999 19.2 (18–20.5) 20.4 (17.4–23.7) .40 >150 000 11.4 (10.3–12.6) 9.6 (7.6–11.9) .12 Geographic region West 24.4 (22.9–25.9) 22.4 (19.7–25.4) .17 Midwest 20.6 (19.5–21.7) 19.1 (16.8–21.7) .23 South 38.4 (36.9–40.0) 39.9 (36.6–43.2) .37 Northeast 16.1 (15.0–17.2) 17.7 (15.1–20.7) .21 Physician-diagnosed comorbid conditions Asthma 12.2 (11.4–13.0)* 32.6 (29.5–35.9)* <.001* Atopic dermatitis and/or eczema 5.9 (5.3–6.5)* 14.9 (12.5–17.7)* <.001* Eosinophilic esophagitis 0.2 (0.1–0.2)* 0.7 (0.4–1.1)* <.001* Allergic rhinitis 12.8 (12.0–13.6)* 30.4 (27.6–33.4)* <.001* Insect sting allergy 2.2 (1.9–2.6)* 6.4 (5.3–7.8)* <.001* Latex allergy 1.0 (0.8–1.3)* 6.6 (4.8–9.0)* <.001* Medication allergy 4.2 (3.7–4.7)* 10.1 (8.2–12.3)* <.001* Urticaria and/or chronic hives 0.5 (0.4–0.6)* 1.9 (1.4–2.6)* <.001* Other chronic condition 3.2 (2.8–3.7)* 7.2 (5.9–8.9)* <.001* ↵* Two-sided P < .05
All Children <1 y 1 y 2 y 3–5 y 6–10 y 11–13 y 14–17 y % 95% CI % 95% CI % 95% CI % 95% CI % 95% CI % 95% CI % 95% CI % 95% CI Any FA 7.6 7.1–8.1 2.8 2.1–3.7 8.8 6.7–11.4 10.0 7.2–13.7 8.3 7.1–9.8 8.0 7.2–8.9 7.5 6.5–8.8 7.1 6.3–7.9 Peanut 2.2 2.0–2.5 0.6 0.3–0.9 2.2 1.5–3.0 2.4 1.6–3.6 2.1 1.7–2.6 2.6 2.2–3.1 2.3 1.6–3.2 2.1 1.6–2.7 Tree nut 1.2 1.1–1.4 0.2 0.1–0.6 0.7 0.4–1.1 1.1 0.5–2.2 1.3 1.0–1.8 1.4 1.1–1.7 1.6 1.2–2.1 0.9 0.7–1.2 Walnut 0.6 0.5–0.8 0.1 0.0–0.3 0.1 0.1–0.3 0.6 0.2–1.8 0.6 0.4–1.0 1.0 0.7–1.3 0.7 0.5–1.0 0.4 0.3–0.6 Almond 0.7 0.6–0.8 0.2 0.1–0.5 0.4 0.2–0.7 0.8 0.3–2.0 0.7 0.5–1.0 0.8 0.6–1.0 0.7 0.5–0.9 0.6 0.5–0.9 Hazelnut 0.6 0.5–0.7 0.0 0.0–0.2 0.4 0.2–0.7 0.6 0.2–1.8 0.6 0.4–1.1 0.7 0.5–1.0 0.8 0.5–1.2 0.4 0.3–0.5 Pecan 0.6 0.5–0.7 0.0 N/A 0.4 0.2–0.7 0.7 0.2–1.9 0.5 0.4–0.8 0.8 0.6–1.0 0.7 0.5–1.0 0.5 0.4–0.8 Cashew 0.7 0.6–0.8 0.1 0.0–0.5 0.4 0.2–0.7 0.9 0.4–2.0 0.6 0.4–0.9 0.8 0.6–1.0 0.9 0.7–1.3 0.5 0.4–0.7 Pistachio 0.5 0.4–0.6 0.1 0.0–0.2 0.4 0.2–0.7 0.6 0.2–1.8 0.4 0.2–0.6 0.7 0.5–0.9 0.8 0.5–1.1 0.4 0.2–0.5 Other tree nut 0.0 0.0–0.1 0.0 N/A 0.0 0.0–0.2 0.0 N/A 0.1 0.0–0.4 0.0 0.0–0.1 0.1 0.0–0.1 0.0 0.0–0.1 Milk 1.9 1.7–2.3 1.5 0.9–2.3 3.3 2.1–5.2 4.3 2.2–8.3 2.8 2.1–3.8 1.9 1.5–2.5 1.1 0.8–1.6 1.1 0.9–1.4 Shellfish 1.3 1.1–1.5 0.2 0.1–0.5 0.4 0.3–0.8 1.1 0.6–2.2 1.1 0.7–1.7 1.5 1.1–1.9 1.5 1.2–1.9 1.5 1.1–2.0 Shrimp 1.0 0.8–1.1 0.0 0.0–0.2 0.3 0.1–0.5 0.7 0.3–1.6 0.9 0.5–1.4 1.1 0.9–1.5 1.2 0.9–1.5 1.1 0.9–1.4 Lobster 0.6 0.5–0.7 0.2 0.1–0.4 0.3 0.2–0.6 0.4 0.1–1.5 0.5 0.3–1.1 0.6 0.4–1.0 0.6 0.4–0.8 0.6 0.5–0.9 Crab 0.6 0.5–0.8 0.1 0.0–0.4 0.2 0.1–0.4 0.1 0.0–0.3 0.7 0.4–1.4 0.7 0.5–1.0 0.7 0.5–0.9 0.8 0.6–1.0 Mollusk 0.6 0.5–0.8 0.1 0.0–0.4 0.2 0.1–0.4 0.6 0.2–1.6 0.6 0.3–1.2 0.7 0.5–1.0 0.6 0.5–0.9 0.8 0.5–1.3 Other shellfish 0.1 0.0–0.1 0.0 N/A 0.0 0.0–0.2 0.2 0.0–1.3 0.0 0.0–0.1 0.1 0.0–0.2 0.1 0.0–0.2 0.1 0.0–0.2 Egg 0.9 0.7–1.1 0.4 0.2–0.7 2.0 1.0–4.1 1.4 0.8–2.4 1.3 0.8–1.9 0.9 0.6–1.3 1.0 0.7–1.4 0.5 0.3–0.7 Fin fish 0.6 0.4–0.9 0.1 0.0–0.2 0.6 0.2–1.3 0.6 0.2–1.6 0.5 0.2–1.1 0.6 0.4–0.9 0.5 0.4–0.8 0.6 0.4–0.9 Wheat 0.5 0.4–0.7 0.4 0.2–1.1 0.5 0.2–1.3 1.0 0.4–2.2 0.5 0.2–1.5 0.5 0.3–0.8 0.5 0.3–0.7 0.4 0.3–0.6 Soy 0.5 0.4–0.6 0.4 0.2–0.8 1.5 0.5–3.9 0.9 0.4–1.9 0.6 0.2–1.6 0.5 0.3–0.8 0.3 0.2–0.5 0.2 0.1–0.3 Sesame 0.2 0.2–0.3 0.1 0.1–0.3 0.4 0.2–1.1 0.2 0.0–1.2 0.2 0.1–0.4 0.3 0.2–0.4 0.1 0.1–0.3 0.1 0.1–0.3 Prevalence of specific allergies among children with FA Peanut 29.0 26.3–32.0 20.2 12.1–31.6 24.6 16.8–34.5 24.5 15.2–37.1 25.1 20.0–31.1 32.8 28.2–37.8 30.5 23.1–39.1 29.5 23.8–36.1 Tree nut 15.8 13.9–17.9 9.0 4.0–18.9 8.0 4.8–13.1 10.9 5.3–21.3 15.9 11.6–21.5 17.6 14.3–21.6 21.3 16.3–27.4 13.3 10.4–17.0 Walnut 8.3 7.0–9.9 3.9 1.3–11.0 1.6 0.6–4.0 6.1 2.0–17.0 7.2 4.6–11.1 12.3 9.3–16.0 9.1 6.5–12.6 6.2 4.5–8.6 Almond 8.7 7.5–10.2 5.6 1.9–15.5 4.6 2.5–8.6 8.2 3.3–18.9 8.1 5.6–11.6 9.9 7.6–12.8 9.1 6.6–12.5 8.9 6.5–12.2 Hazelnut 7.7 6.3–9.4 1.6 0.4–6.5 4.4 2.4–8.1 6.4 2.2–17.4 7.5 4.4–12.6 9.4 6.8–12.9 10.2 6.6–15.5 5.5 3.9–7.8 Pecan 7.9 6.6–9.4 0.0 N/A 4.5 2.3–8.4 6.8 2.4–17.8 6.5 4.3–9.8 9.8 7.4–12.8 9.3 6.6–13.0 7.5 5.1–10.7 Cashew 8.6 7.3–10.1 3.3 0.6–15.6 4.0 2.1–7.6 8.6 3.7–19.0 7.4 5.1–10.5 9.5 7.2–12.5 12.2 8.7–16.8 7.4 5.4–10.0 Pistachio 6.7 5.5–8.1 2.3 0.7–7.2 4.4 2.2–8.5 6.2 2.1–17.1 4.6 2.8–7.3 8.3 6.0–11.2 10.0 6.8–14.5 5.0 3.5–7.2 Other tree nut 0.5 0.2–0.9 0.0 N/A 0.3 0.0–2.4 0.0 N/A 1.0 0.2–5.1 0.3 0.1–0.7 0.8 0.3–1.7 0.4 0.2–0.8 Milk 25.4 22.2–28.8 53.0 39.7–65.8 37.8 25.4–52.0 43.5 26.6–62.1 33.6 25.9–42.2 24.4 19.5–30.0 14.9 10.8–20.2 16.0 12.6–20.1 Shellfish 16.9 14.8–19.2 7.1 3.0–16.0 5.1 2.8–8.9 11.5 5.8–21.5 13.0 8.4–19.6 18.4 14.6–22.9 20.2 16.0–25.2 21.3 16.7–26.8 Shrimp 12.6 10.9–14.5 1.6 0.4–5.4 3.0 1.5–5.7 7.1 3.0–16.1 10.2 6.4–16.1 14.3 10.9–18.4 15.4 11.8–20.0 15.6 12.4–19.4 Lobster 7.4 6.0–9.0 5.8 2.1–15.1 3.5 1.7–6.9 4.2 1.1–14.5 6.4 3.1–12.8 8.1 5.5–11.6 8.1 5.8–11.3 9.0 6.6–12.1 Crab 8.2 6.8–9.9 4.7 1.4–14.6 2.2 1.1–4.7 1.1 0.4–2.7 8.6 4.6–15.7 8.7 6.0–12.7 9.0 6.5–12.2 11.0 8.3–14.4 Mollusk 8.3 6.7–10.3 3.0 0.6–14.5 2.2 0.9–5.0 6.1 2.3–15.2 7.0 3.6–13.3 8.5 5.9–12.2 8.5 5.9–12.0 11.9 7.9–17.5 Other shellfish 0.8 0.5–1.4 0.0 N/A 0.5 0.1–2.2 1.9 0.3–12.4 0.4 0.2–1.1 0.7 0.2–2.2 0.7 0.2–2.5 1.2 0.5–2.7 Egg 11.9 9.8–14.4 13.5 7.6–23.0 22.8 12.0–39.1 14.1 7.7–24.4 15.0 10.1–21.7 10.8 7.5–15.3 12.8 9.0–17.8 6.6 4.8–9.1 Fin fish 7.1 5.7–8.9 2.6 0.8–7.5 6.4 2.8–13.9 6.0 2.2–15.4 6.2 2.9–13.0 7.8 5.3–11.4 7.1 5.0–10.0 7.9 5.1–12.1 Wheat 6.6 5.0–8.6 14.9 6.0–32.3 6.0 2.5–14.0 9.9 4.3–21.4 6.6 2.4–16.8 6.4 4.0–10.2 6.2 3.9–9.6 5.4 3.6–8.0 Soy 6.2 4.7–8.3 15.4 8.5–26.4 16.6 6.6–35.8 8.6 3.8–18.5 6.9 2.6–17.0 6.5 4.3–9.6 3.6 2.1–6.1 3.0 2.1–4.2 Sesame 2.7 2.1–3.6 4.6 1.8–10.9 4.9 1.8–12.5 2.3 0.4–11.1 2.7 1.5–5.0 3.3 2.0–5.5 1.8 0.9–3.5 2.1 1.2–3.7 N/A, not applicable.
Proportion of Children With Each Specific FA Who Have Severe FA to That Food Physician-Diagnosed FA to That Food Multiple FAs Current Epinephrine Prescription One or More Lifetime ED Visits One or More FA-Related ED Visits in the Past y % 95% CI % 95% CI % 95% CI % 95% CI % (95% CI) % (95% CI) Any FA 42.3 39.1–45.4 61.1 57.6–64.5 39.9 36.9–43.1 40.7 37.6–43.9 42.0 38.8–45.4 19.0 16.1–22.3 Peanut 59.2 53.6–64.6 80.9 77.0–84.4 54.8 49.1–60.3 73.0 68.0–77.5 50.4 44.9–55.9 22.9 19.1–27.2 Tree nut 56.1 50.1–61.9 72.9 66.2–78.6 89.5 84.6–93.0 70.4 64.0–76.1 49.4 43.1–55.6 24.4 19.3–30.3 Walnut 36.6 28.5–45.6 61.7 52.7–70.0 94.1 89.4–96.8 76.6 68.6–83.1 52.3 43.7–60.7 23.6 16.2–33.1 Almond 50.6 43.0–58.1 72.7 65.0–79.2 96.7 94.5–98.1 77.3 70.2–83.1 58.9 51.2–66.2 27.2 20.8–34.8 Hazelnut 46.1 36.1–56.4 60.4 49.7–70.2 95.0 81.9–98.7 72.8 61.6–81.7 53.9 43.7–63.7 25.6 17.5–35.8 Pecan 38.9 31.0–47.3 66.4 57.7–74.0 100.0 N/A 76.0 67.7–82.7 53.4 44.7–61.8 24.5 17.7–32.8 Cashew 42.3 34.8–50.2 70.3 62.6–77.0 95.8 91.8–97.9 77.3 70.0–83.2 52.0 44.1–59.8 24.4 18.2–32.0 Pistachio 37.6 28.9–47.1 65.7 56.6–73.7 98.0 95.5–99.2 81.2 72.5–87.6 53.4 43.9–62.6 22.6 15.4–31.8 Other tree nut 64.2 34.8–85.8 72.1 44.3–89.3 100.0 N/A 82.7 56.6–94.6 38.7 15.6–68.2 22.6 8.4–48.2 Milk 25.3 20.4–31.0 52.1 44.2–60.0 43.1 35.5–51.0 25.9 21.1–31.3 47.1 39.2–55.1 26.3 18.1–36.5 Shellfish 48.7 41.9–55.5 59.3 52.3–65.8 72.9 67.0–78.1 45.7 39.2–52.4 54.9 48.1–61.4 22.7 17.1–29.4 Shrimp 51.1 43.8–58.4 56.9 49.3–64.1 74.1 67.5–79.7 46.2 39.2–53.4 54.1 46.8–61.2 25.7 18.9–33.9 Lobster 42.1 31.9–53.1 43.5 34.3–53.2 96.1 92.2–98.1 43.5 34.0–53.4 62.4 53.1–70.9 28.6 18.6–41.3 Crab 40.6 31.1–51.0 47.1 37.6–56.9 90.9 82.9–95.4 46.4 36.8–56.3 61.2 51.7–70.0 28.2 19.1–39.5 Mollusk 43.8 32.7–55.5 49.4 38.6–60.2 91.0 86.4–94.2 41.5 31.8–51.9 63.8 54.1–72.5 27.1 17.6–39.2 Other shellfish 29.4 12.5–54.7 61.3 31.5–84.6 100.0 N/A 46.2 22.2–72.1 43.9 20.9–69.8 14.2 4.2–38.8 Egg 28.1 21.5–36.0 72.2 63.9–79.3 75.8 68.7–81.7 51.1 40.6–61.5 56.4 46.6–65.8 36.1 25.0–48.9 Fin fish 49.0 37.8–60.3 53.2 41.6–64.5 83.9 73.8–90.6 47.5 36.6–58.6 69.8 59.0–78.8 39.5 28.6–51.7 Wheat 36.7 23.5–52.3 54.9 40.6–68.5 66.6 53.0–77.8 35.0 24.5–47.1 43.7 31.2–57.1 20.5 13.3–30.3 Soy 36.8 24.7–50.8 40.7 28.6–54.1 74.7 62.5–84.0 40.9 27.8–55.4 53.5 38.6–67.8 35.1 22.3–50.5 Sesame 27.2 17.5–39.7 55.5 41.6–68.6 86.4 69.2–94.7 64.8 50.3–77.0 58.2 44.3–70.9 33.0 22.2–46.0 N/A, not applicable.
Convincing FA Versus No FA Physician-Confirmed FA Versus Convincing FA Severe FA Versus Mild-to-Moderate FA Multiple FA Versus Single FA OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI Race and/or ethnicity (versus white, non-Hispanic) Asian American, non-Hispanic 1.0 0.8–1.4 0.7 0.4–1.3 1.0 0.6–1.8 1.9* 1.1–3.3* African American, non-Hispanic 1.4 1.1–1.7 1.2 0.8–1.9 0.9 0.5–1.4 2.0* 1.3–2.8* Hispanic 1.2 0.9–1.4 1.0 0.7–1.4 0.9 0.7–1.3 0.9 0.7–1.3 Multiracial and/or other 1.1 0.8–1.3 1.1 0.7–1.8 1.0 0.7–1.4 1.0 0.7–1.6 Sex Female versus male 1.0 0.9–1.2 1.0 0.7–1.2 0.6* 0.5–0.8* 1.1 0.9–1.4 Age in y (versus 0–1 y) 1 2.8* 1.9–4.2* 1.3 0.6–2.8 1.1 0.5–2.3 0.6 0.3–1.3 2 3.3* 2.0–5.3* 0.8 0.3–1.7 0.8 0.4–1.6 0.5 0.2–1.2 3–5 2.4* 1.7–3.3* 0.9 0.4–1.8 1.2 0.6–2.2 0.8 0.4–1.7 6–10 1.9* 1.4–2.6* 1.5 0.8–2.9 0.9 0.5–1.6 0.5 0.2–1.1 11–13 1.6* 1.1–2.2* 1.4 0.7–2.6 1.2 0.6–2.2 0.6 0.3–1.3 14–17 1.6* 1.1–2.2* 1.1 0.6–2.1 1.4 0.7–2.5 0.5 0.2–1.0 Household income (versus <$25 000/y) $25 000–$49 999 1.2 0.9–1.6 1.0 0.6–1.7 0.7 0.4–1.1 1.0 0.6–1.5 $50 000–$99 999 1.2 1.0–1.5 1.4 0.9–2.2 0.7 0.5–1.1 1.1 0.7–1.6 $100 000–$149 999 1.3 1.0–1.7 1.3 0.8–2.2 0.3* 0.2–0.5* 1.0 0.7–1.6 >$150 000 1.0 0.7–1.5 1.3 0.7–2.6 0.7 0.4–1.2 1.3 0.7–2.2 Geographic location (versus Midwest) West 1.0 0.8–1.2 0.8 0.6–1.3 1.1 0.7–1.6 1.0 0.7–1.5 South 1.0 0.8–1.2 1.0 0.7–1.4 1.0 0.7–1.5 0.8 0.6–1.2 Northeast 1.1 0.9–1.4 0.7 0.4–1.1 0.8 0.5–1.3 1.2 0.8–1.9 One or more physician-confirmed FA — — — — 1.6* 1.1–2.1* 1.5* 1.2–2.0* Multiple FA versus 1 FA — — 1.5* 1.1–2.0* 2.4* 1.8–3.1* — — Current epinephrine prescription — — 5.1* 3.8–6.9* 2.6* 1.9–3.4* 1.1 0.8–1.5 One or more lifetime ED visit — — 1.9* 1.4–2.5* 1.8* 1.4–2.3* 1.6* 1.3–2.1* One or more severe FA — — 1.6* 1.2–2.1* — — 2.4* 1.8–3.1* Physician-diagnosed comorbidities (versus absence of that condition) Asthma 3.2* 2.7–3.8* 1.2 0.9–1.6 1.6* 1.2–2.1* 1.4* 1.1–1.8* Atopic dermatitis and/or eczema 1.9* 1.4–2.4* 1.5 1.0–2.3 0.8 0.6–1.2 1.2 0.8–1.7 Eosinophilic esophagitis 2.5 0.8–7.5 1.7 0.7–4.2 0.6 0.2–2.4 2.7* 1.1–6.7* Allergic rhinitis 2.3* 1.9–2.7* 1.7* 1.3–2.3* 1.1 0.9–1.5 1.5* 1.1–1.9* Insect sting allergy 2.5* 1.8–3.4* 1.3 0.7–2.6 1.0 0.7–1.6 1.7* 1.0–2.9* Latex allergy 7.9* 5.5–11.3* 1.5 0.9–2.5 1.1 0.7–1.7 1.2 0.8–1.9 Medication allergy 1.9* 1.4–2.4* 1.0 0.6–1.6 0.9 0.6–1.4 0.9 0.6–1.4 Urticaria and/or chronic hives 2.9* 1.4–6.0* 0.8 0.3–2.2 1.5 0.7–3.2 2.0* 1.0–3.9* Other chronic condition 2.3* 1.6–3.3* 1.5 0.9–2.5 1.6* 1.1–2.5* 0.9 0.6–1.4 —, not applicable.
↵* Two-sided P < .05
- TABLE 5
Multivariate Predictors of Epinephrine Prescription, Lifetime ED Visits, and Last Year ED Visits
Current Epinephrine Prescription Lifetime ED Visits Last Year ED Visits OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI Race and/or ethnicity (versus white, non-Hispanic) Asian American, non-Hispanic 1.3 0.7–2.5 0.9 0.6–1.6 1.0 0.5–2.0 African American, non-Hispanic 0.8 0.5–1.2 1.3 0.9–1.8 1.4 0.8–2.3 Hispanic 0.8 0.6–1.2 1.5* 1.1–2.1* 1.1 0.7–1.6 Multiracial and/or other 0.9 0.6–1.5 0.9 0.5–1.6 1.4 0.8–2.7 Sex Female versus male 1.1 0.9–1.5 0.9 0.7–1.2 1.0 0.7–1.3 Age in y (versus 0–1 y) 1 0.9 0.4–2.0 1.2 0.5–2.9 0.9 0.4–2.1 2 0.7 0.3–1.6 3.4* 1.3–9.0* 2.0 0.7–5.6 3–5 1.3 0.7–2.6 1.8 0.9–3.5 0.8 0.4–1.6 6–10 1.0 0.5–1.9 2.8* 1.4–5.4* 0.7 0.3–1.4 11–13 1.0 0.5–2.0 1.8 0.9–3.5 0.4* 0.2–0.8* 14–17 0.8 0.4–1.6 2.1* 1.1–4.1* 0.5* 0.2–0.9* Household income (versus <$25 000/y) $25 000–$49 999 0.7 0.5–1.1 0.9 0.6–1.4 0.4* 0.3–0.7* $50 000–$99 999 1.1 0.8–1.7 1.0 0.7–1.5 0.6* 0.4–1.0* $100 000–$149 999 1.2 0.8–1.9 0.9 0.5–1.5 0.6 0.3–1.1 >$150 000 1.3 0.7–2.3 0.6* 0.3–1.0* 0.4* 0.2–0.7* Geographic location (versus Midwest) West 0.9 0.7–1.4 1.3 0.9–1.9 1.8* 1.1–2.9* South 1.1 0.8–1.5 0.8 0.6–1.2 0.9 0.6–1.4 Northeast 1.8* 1.1–2.7* 0.9 0.6–1.3 1.2 0.7–2.0 One or more physician-diagnosed FA 4.3* 3.2–5.8* 1.8* 1.3–2.4* 1.4 0.9–2.0 Multiple FA versus 1 FA 0.8 0.6–1.2 1.5* 1.1–2.0* 1.5* 1.0–2.1* Has epinephrine — — 1.5* 1.2–2.0* 1.4 1.0–2.0 One or more lifetime ED visit 1.6* 1.2–2.0* — — — — One or more severe FA 2.1* 1.6–2.7* 1.9* 1.4–2.4* 1.0 0.8–1.4 Specific FAs (versus absence of that allergy) Peanut 3.9* 2.9–5.2* 0.9 0.7–1.3 1.0 0.8–1.4 Tree nut 1.6 0.9–2.9 0.5* 0.3–0.9* 1.2 0.7–2.2 Almond 1.0 0.5–1.8 1.6 1.0–2.7 1.0 0.5–1.7 Walnut 1.4 0.7–2.7 0.9 0.5–1.5 0.7 0.4–1.2 Cashew 1.3 0.7–2.5 1.1 0.6–1.9 1.2 0.7–2.2 Hazelnut 0.7 0.3–1.4 1.2 0.7–2.2 1.2 0.7–2.3 Pistachio 2.5* 1.3–5.0* 0.9 0.5–1.7 0.6 0.3–1.2 Pecan 0.8 0.4–1.5 1.0 0.5–1.8 1.0 0.5–2.0 Other tree nut 1.3 0.3–6.8 0.6 0.1–2.8 0.9 0.1–8.9 Sesame 1.4 0.6–3.2 1.3 0.7–2.3 1.5 0.8–2.9 Milk 0.5* 0.3–0.6* 1.6* 1.1–2.3* 1.7* 1.1–2.6* Egg 1.3 0.8–2.1 1.2 0.8–1.8 1.7* 1.0–2.6* Finfish 0.8 0.4–1.4 2.2* 1.3–3.6* 2.2* 1.3–3.7* Shellfish 1.1 0.4–3.4 1.2 0.6–2.3 0.5 0.3–1.1 Shrimp 1.4 0.5–4.1 0.7 0.4–1.3 2.0 1.0–4.0 Lobster 0.7 0.3–1.6 0.9 0.5–1.6 0.5 0.3–1.1 Crab 1.7 0.6–4.9 1.5 0.8–2.9 2.1 1.0–4.4 Mollusk 0.4 0.2–1.0 1.4 0.8–2.4 1.2 0.6–2.3 Other shellfish 0.9 0.2–3.9 0.3* 0.1–1.0* 0.4 0.1–2.0 Soy 0.7 0.4–1.1 1.2 0.7–2.0 1.6 0.9–2.8 Wheat 0.7 0.4–1.2 0.8 0.4–1.6 0.7 0.4–1.2 Physician-diagnosed comorbidities (versus absence of that condition) Asthma 1.2 0.9–1.6 2.1* 1.6–2.7* 1.8* 1.3–2.5* Atopic dermatitis and/or eczema 1.4 1.0–2.0 0.6* 0.4–0.9* 0.8 0.5–1.2 Eosinophilic esophagitis 3.1 1.0–10.0 2.5 0.8–7.3 3.6* 1.1–11.1* Allergic rhinitis 0.9 0.7–1.2 0.9 0.7–1.2 0.8 0.6–1.1 Insect sting allergy 1.6 0.9–2.8 1.6* 1.0–2.4* 0.8 0.5–1.2 Latex allergy 2.6* 1.5–4.6* 0.9 0.5–1.6 1.2 0.8–2.0 Medication allergy 1.8* 1.2–2.7* 1.0 0.7–1.6 0.7 0.5–1.1 Urticaria and/or chronic hives 0.6 0.2–2.0 2.5* 1.2–5.5* 2.5* 1.1–6.0* Other chronic condition 1.6* 1.0–2.6* 0.8 0.5–1.3 0.4* 0.2–0.8* —, not applicable.
↵* Two-sided P < .05
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