Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIGURE 1
Child-care trajectories. A, Intensity (n = 2120). The first trajectory is the most common and exhibits a sharp increase in child-care attendance intensity within the first year and remains stable, with high child-care attendance until 4 years (> 35 hours per week); ∼36.5% of the children follow the “high-intensity” (number of hours) trajectory. The next trajectory exhibits a gradual increase in child-care hours over the years. Approximately 29.5% of children follow the “moderate intensity” trajectory. The final trajectory is relatively low and stable, with children demonstrating a low number of hours in child-care attendance (<5 hours per week). An estimated proportion of 34% of the children follow this lowest number of hour trajectory. B, Center-based CCS (n = 1800). Solid lines represent observed values. Dashed lines represent predicted values. The first trajectory includes children who have a high probability of attending center-care early (at ∼1.5 years). Approximately 14% of our sample followed the “early-onset center care” trajectory. In the next trajectory, children have a high probability of being enrolled in other child-care services until 17 months and then gradually increase in their enrollment in center-based care (beginning at ∼2.5 years). Approximately 28.7% of children followed the “late-onset center care” trajectory. Finally, 57.3% of our sample had a high probability of never being exposed to center-based care during the preschool years (ie, enrolled in other child care services), and this was depicted by the low and stable trajectory.
- FIGURE 2
Interaction between CCS trajectories and SES on reading, writing, and mathematic academic achievement scores. A, Intensity. B, Center-based CCS. Confounding variables in each model includes the child’s gender and temperament, birth order, and Cumulative Score for Neonatal Risk (includes birth weight, gestational age, intrauterine growth retardation, retardation of cranial perimeter growth, congenital abnormalities, Apgar score, and neonatal complications), maternal childbearing age, family status and functioning, neighborhood safety and social problems, and 5 of the preschool environment factors (SES, negative parenting, family deviancy, mental health, child peer relationships).
Tables
Age Total (%) Mean (SD) Min Max Control variables Child’s gender 5 mo 1269 — — — 0 girl — 597 (47.0) — — — 1 boy — 672 (53.0) — — — Child’s birth order 5 mo 1269 — — — 1, firstborn — 576 (45.4) — — — 2, had 1 sibling at birth — 514 (40.5) — — — 3, had 2 siblings at birth — 132 (10.4) — — — 4, had 3 siblings at birth — (2.3) — — — 5, had at least 4 siblings at birth — 17 (1.3) — — — Family status 5 mo 1266 — — — 0 nonintact — 244 (19.3) — — — 1 intact — 1022 (80.5) — — — SES factor 5–53 mo 1269 — — — 0 adequate SES — 941 (74.1) — — — 1 low SES (bottom 25th quartile) — 328 (25.9) — — — CSNR Birth 1169 0.90 (1.17) 0.00 4.88 Difficult temperament 5 mo 1264 2.72 (1.58) 0.00 8.00 Childbearing age 5 mo 1269 29.00 (5.37) 16.40 44.50 Family dysfunction 5 mo 1257 1.70 (1.40) 0.00 6.55 Neighborhood safety 5 mo 1200 1.81 (0.61) 1.00 3.80 Neighborhood social problems 5 mo 1249 2.79 (0.36) 1.57 3.00 Negative parenting factor 5–53 mo 1269 0.06 (0.62) −1.54 2.15 Family deviancy factor 5–53 mo 1269 0.01 (0.20) –0.20 0.71 Parent mental health factor 5–53 mo 1269 0.02 (0.55) −1.03 1.91 Child peer relationship factor 5–53 mo 1269 –0.02 (0.30) −1.00 0.55 Independent variables CCS intensity 5–53 mo 1269 — — — 1 low CCS hours — 416 (32.8) — — — 2 moderate CCS hours — 394 (31.0) — — — 3 high CCS hours — 459 (36.2) — — — Center-based CCS type 5–53 mo 1119 — — — 3 early-onset center-based CCS — 133 (11.9) — — — 2 late-onset center-based CCS — 292 (26.1) — — — 1 never center-based CCS — 694 (62.0) — — — Dependent variables Reading (0 = repeated a grade) 12 y 1075 62.50 (26.44) 0.00 100.00 Writing (0 = repeated a grade) 12 y 1136 65.55 (25.64) 0.00 100.00 Mathematic (0 = repeated a grade) 12 y 1110 65.57 (26.74) 0.00 99.65 The SES factor variable is shown in its categorical formats as used in the analyses. CSNR includes birth weight, gestational age, intrauterine growth retardation, retardation of cranial perimeter growth, congenital abnormalities, Apgar score, and neonatal complications).
- TABLE 2
Bivariate Associations Between Potential Confounders and the Study’s Dependent, Independent, and Moderator Variables
CCS Intensity Sample (n = 1269) Dependent Variables: 12-y Government Examinations Independent Variable: CCS Intensity Trajectories Moderator: SES Reading Writing Mathematics Low Hours (n = 416) Moderate Hours (n = 394) High Hours (n = 459) P Adequate SES (n = 941) Low SES (n = 328) P r P r P r P Reading — — — — — — 60.01 (28.13) 61.62 (26.74) 66.47 (23.41) .001 67.73 (23.22) 48.85 (29.09) <.001 Writing — — — — — — 61.00 (27.68) 64.72 (25.17) 70.31 (22.76) <.001 70.43 (22.20) 51.45 (28.87) <.001 Mathematics — — — — — — 62.36 (28.83) 64.92 (26.45) 69.96 (23.58) <.001 70.59 (23.21) 52.47 (30.35) <.001 CCS intensity trajectories 0.10 <.001 0.15 <.001 0.12 <.001 — — — — 2.19 (0.81) 1.60 (0.72) <.001 Gender –0.16 <.001 –0.23 <.001 –0.09 .003 0.53 (0.50) 0.50 (0.50) 0.56 (0.50) .27 0.54 (0.50) 0.51 (0.50) .48 Birth order –0.05 .12 –0.08 .01 –0.08 .01 1.91 (0.96) 1.68 (0.79) 1.62 (0.73) <.001 1.72 (0.79) 1.79 (0.95) .20 Family status 0.17 <.001 0.18 <.001 0.19 <.001 0.78 (0.42) 0.80 (0.40) 0.84 (0.37) .08 0.88 (0.33) 0.61 (0.49) .00 CSNR –0.06 .05 –0.06 .07 –0.05 .12 0.94 (1.19) 0.85 (1.18) 0.90 (1.13) .51 0.85 (1.16) 1.04 (1.18) .02 Difficult temperament 0.07 .01 0.08 .008 0.06 .03 2.64 (1.62) 2.77 (1.57) 2.73 (1.56) .51 2.73 (1.59) 2.68 (1.55) .66 Maternal age 0.16 <.001 0.14 <.001 0.11 <.001 28.64 (5.93) 28.18 (5.31) 30.02 (4.71) <.001 29.91 (4.76) 26.37 (6.13) <.001 Family dysfunction –0.09 .003 –0.09 .002 –0.08 .006 1.80 (1.42) 1.70 (1.36) 1.62 (1.41) .20 1.55 (1.31) 2.15 (1.55) <.001 Neighborhood safety –0.08 .007 –0.10 <.001 –0.09 .002 1.88 (0.64) 1.84 (0.64) 1.73 (0.56) <.001 1.76 (0.59) 1.98 (0.65) <.001 Social problems in neighborhood 0.08 .007 0.11 <.001 0.10 0.001 2.73 (0.42) 2.78 (0.35) 2.84 (0.30) <.001 2.83 (0.31) 2.67 (0.45) <.001 T1—SES Factor –0.32 <.001 –0.33 <.001 –0.30 <.001 0.43 (0.50) 0.27 (0.44) 0.10 (0.30) <.001 — — — T1—Positive parenting factor 0.01 .74 0.01 .68 0.00 .87 –0.03 (0.39) –0.02 (0.34) –0.07 (0.35) .09 –0.04 (0.35) –0.04 (0.39) .74 T1—Negative parenting factor –0.06 .06 –0.05 .08 –0.03 .25 0.05 (0.66) 0.08 (0.60) 0.05 (0.61) .83 0.06 (0.60) 0.07 (0.69) .71 T1—Family deviancy factor –0.06 .06 –0.07 .02 –0.05 .11 0.01 (0.19) 0.02 (0.21) 0.00 (0.19) .60 –0.01 (0.18) 0.06 (0.23) <.001 T1—Parent mental health factor –0.16 <.001 –0.17 <.001 –0.16 <.001 0.10 (0.58) 0.04 (0.54) –0.08 (0.51) <.001 –0.09 (0.51) 0.31 (0.56) <.001 T1—Child peer relationships factor 0.09 .004 0.09 .003 0.10 <.001 –0.02 (0.33) –0.03 (0.29) 0.00 (0.29) .36 0.00 (0.30) –0.05 (0.32) .01 Center-Based CCS Sample (n = 1119) Dependent Variables: 12-y Government Examinations Independent Variable: Center-Based CCS Trajectories Moderator: SES Reading Writing Mathematics Never CB CCS (n = 694) Late-Onset CB CCS (n = 292) Early-Onset CB CCS (n = 133) P Adequate (n = 876) Low (n = 243) P r P r P r P Reading — — — — — — 64.47 (25.61) 62.66 (25.37) 62.38 (25.86) .47 67.45 (23.36) 50.37 (28.61) <.001 Writing — — — — — — 66.99 (24.84) 66.10 (24.91) 67.43 (24.91) .80 70.39 (22.38) 53.88 (28.78) <.001 Mathematics — — — — — — 67.19 (25.80) 65.53 (25.61) 68.11 (25.83) .53 70.62 (23.26) 53.33 (29.53) <.001 CB CCS Trajectories –0.03 .28 0.00 .94 0.00 .92 — — — — 1.52 (0.71) 1.40 (0.64) .02 Gender –0.16 <.001 –0.23 <.001 –0.08 .01 0.52 (0.50) 0.55 (0.50) 0.50 (0.50) .63 0.54 (0.50) 0.47 (0.50) .05 Birth order –0.02 .57 –0.05 .11 –0.05 .11 1.68 (0.80) 1.68 (0.72) 1.82 (0.98) .17 1.70 (0.78) 1.70 (0.91) .90 Family status 0.16 <.001 0.15 <.001 0.19 <.001 0.84 (0.37) 0.80 (0.40) 0.76 (0.43) .07 0.88 (0.33) 0.60 (0.49) <.001 CSNR –0.05 .17 –0.04 .28 –0.03 .31 0.93 (1.17) 0.81 (1.17) 0.80 (1.13) .19 0.85 (1.17) 1.01 (1.13) .06 Difficult Temperament 0.08 .01 0.07 .02 0.07 .03 2.73 (1.63) 2.78 (1.64) 2.69 (1.34) .80 2.73 (1.60) 2.78 (1.59) .71 Maternal age 0.17 <.001 0.16 <.001 0.12 <.001 28.76 (5.32) 29.26 (5.11) 29.86 (5.60) .06 29.85 (4.70) 26.03 (6.25) <.001 Family dysfunction –0.07 .03 –0.07 .03 –0.06 .07 1.63 (1.42) 1.69 (1.35) 1.83 (1.37) .20 1.55 (1.30) 2.10 (1.63) <.001 Neighborhood safety –0.07 .02 –0.10 .003 –0.09 .01 1.79 (0.61) 1.82 (0.61) 1.76 (0.57) .57 1.76 (0.59) 1.93 (0.65) <.001 Social problems in neighborhood 0.09 .003 0.12 <.001 0.12 <.001 2.80 (0.35) 2.78 (0.37) 2.77 (0.33) .56 2.82 (0.31) 2.67 (0.45) <.001 T1—SES factor –0.28 <.001 –0.27 <.001 –0.28 <.001 0.24 (0.43) 0.20 (0.40) 0.15 (0.36) .06 — — — T1—Positive parenting factor 0.03 .34 0.03 .31 0.01 .64 –0.03 (0.35) –0.08 (0.35) –0.07 (0.36) .11 –0.04 (0.35) –0.08 (0.36) .12 T1—Negative parenting factor –0.08 .01 –0.08 .01 –0.04 .18 0.04 (0.60) 0.14 (0.62) 0.07 (0.64) .04 0.05 (0.59) 0.13 (0.67) .08 T1—Family deviancy factor –0.06 .09 –0.07 .04 –0.05 .14 0.01 (0.20) 0.01 (0.20) 0.01 (0.20) .99 –0.01 (0.18) 0.08 (0.25) <.001 T1—Parent mental health factor –0.15 <.001 –0.16 <.001 –0.16 <.001 –0.04 (0.51) 0.09 (0.59) 0.04 (0.62) .003 –0.09 (0.51) 0.35 (0.56) <.001 T1—Child peer relationships factor 0.09 .004 0.10 .002 0.10 .003 0.00 (0.30) –0.04 (0.31) –0.05 (0.32) .07 0.00 (0.30) –0.08 (0.32) <.001 Data are presented as r, mean, and SD. The center-based (CB) CCS sample eliminates those who remained in parental care (n = 150), thus comparing only children who attend CCS. Among the variables tested as potential selection bias factors, only the positive parenting factor was not related to child care, SES, or academic achievement. It was thus dropped from our analyses, leaving 14 confound variables in the analyses. Also, children in either child-care trajectory (independent variables) differed on 1 individual (birth order) and 6 family variables (maternal age, neighborhood safety, social problems in neighborhood, SES, negative parenting, and parental mental health); T1, Time 1, 5 months to 5 years. These 7 selection bias variables were used as controls in the analyses. —, not applicable.
- TABLE 3
Child Care Trajectories (Intensity and Center-Care) Predicting Preadolescent Academic Achievement Scores Using Multiple Linear Regressions
Reading Writing Mathematics B 95% CI P ES B 95% CI P ES B 95% CI P ES Model with CCS intensity (n = 1269) Step 1 Gender −8.53 −11.42 to –5.64 <.001 –0.34 −11.73 −14.43 to –9.03 <.001 –0.47 −4.78 −7.73 to –1.84 .001 –0.18 Birth order −1.91 −3.84 to 0.01 .05 –0.08 −2.42 −4.22 to –0.62 .008 –0.10 −2.05 −4.00 to 0.10 .04 –0.08 Family status 4.82 1.02 to 8.63 .01 0.19 4.58 0.97 to 8.19 .01 0.19 6.53 2.57 to 10.50 .001 0.25 CSNR −0.97 −2.52 to 0.58 .22 –0.04 −0.73 −2.19 to 0.73 .33 –0.03 –0.68 −2.28 to 0.92 .40 –0.03 Difficult temperament 1.91 0.45 to 3.36 .01 0.08 1.93 0.56 to 3.31 .006 0.08 1.60 0.11 to 3.09 .04 0.06 Maternal age 2.14 0.56 to 3.73 .008 0.08 1.62 0.13 to 3.11 .03 0.07 1.11 –0.55 to 2.76 .19 0.04 Family dysfunction −0.46 −2.16 to 1.23 .59 –0.02 −0.37 −1.94 to 1.20 .64 –0.02 0.09 −1.60 to 1.78 .92 0.00 Neighborhood safety −0.26 −1.86 to 1.34 .75 –0.01 −0.65 −2.11 to 0.82 .39 –0.03 –0.81 −2.42 to 0.80 .32 –0.03 Social problems in neighborhood −0.11 −1.77 to 1.54 .90 0.00 0.28 −1.26 to 1.82 .72 0.01 0.23 −1.42 to 1.87 .79 0.01 T1—SES factor −15.32 −19.19 to –11.45 <.001 –0.60 −14.68 −18.28 to –11.08 <.001 –0.59 −14.13 −18.06 to –10.20 <.001 –0.54 T1—Negative parenting factor −0.54 −2.56 to 1.48 .60 –0.02 −0.2 −2.08 to 1.67 .83 –0.01 0.39 −1.66 to 2.45 .71 0.02 T1—Family deviancy factor 0.68 −1.05 to 2.40 .44 0.03 0.32 −1.28 to 1.92 .70 0.01 0.87 –0.85 to 2.59 .32 0.03 T1—Parent mental health factor −0.91 −3.18 to 1.36 .43 –0.03 −0.92 −3.01 to 1.17 .39 –0.04 –0.97 3.23 to 1.29 .40 –0.04 T1—Child peer relationships factor 0.44 −1.52 to 2.39 .66 0.02 0.32 −1.49 to 2.14 .73 0.01 1.49 –0.47 to 3.45 .14 0.06 CCS intensity trajectory contrasts High vs low CCS hours −0.28 −3.97 to 3.42 .88 –0.01 2.67 –0.79 to 6.13 .13 0.10 1.06 −2.62 to 4.73 .57 0.05 Moderate vs low CCS hours −1.81 −5.47 to 1.85 .33 –0.07 0.09 −3.27 to 3.45 .96 0.00 –0.76 −4.42 to 2.89 .68 –0.03 Step 2 SES interactions with CCS intensity trajectory contrasts High vs low intensity × SES 9.49 0.06 to 18.92 .05 .37 9.15 0.25 to 18.05 .04 0.37 11.81 2.23 to 21.38 .02 0.46 Moderate vs low intensity × SES 4.00 −3.60 to 11.60 .30 .16 5.78 −1.35 to 12.91 .11 0.24 2.57 −5.26 to 10.40 .52 0.10 R2 0.154 — <.001 — 0.189 — <.001 — 0.128 — <.001 — F 14.21 — <.001 — 18.26 — <.001 — 11.53 — <.001 — Δ R2 0.003 — .12 — 0.004 — .08 — 0.005 — .05 — Δ F 2.408 — — — 2.837 — — — 3.407 — — — Model with CB CCS type (n = 1119) Step 1 Gender −8.78 −11.82 to –5.73 <.001 –0.34 −11.67 −14.51 to –8.83 <.001 –0.46 −4.80 −7.82 to –1.78 0.002 –0.18 Birth order −1.59 −3.65 to 0.46 0.13 –0.06 −2.64 −4.54 to 0.73 0.007 –0.10 −1.90 −3.95 to 0.14 0.07 –0.07 Family status 4.32 0.14 to 8.51 0.04 0.17 3.70 –0.23 to 7.63 0.07 0.15 6.60 2.36 to 10.85 0.002 0.26 CSNR −0.68 −2.33 to 0.97 0.42 –0.03 –0.37 −1.93 to 1.19 0.64 –0.01 –0.37 −2.05 to 1.31 0.67 –0.01 Difficult temperament 2.21 0.68 to 3.73 0.004 0.09 2.03 0.62 to 3.44 0.005 0.08 1.82 0.28 to 3.36 0.02 0.07 Maternal age 2.62 0.90 to 4.33 0.003 0.10 2.38 0.79 to 3.98 0.003 0.09 1.30 –0.41 to 3.01 0.13 0.05 Family dysfunction −0.25 −2.02 to 1.52 0.78 –0.01 –0.13 −1.82 to 1.55 0.88 0.00 0.53 −1.24 to 2.30 0.56 0.02 Neighborhood safety −0.39 −2.07 to 1.29 0.65 –0.02 –0.75 −2.31 to 0.82 0.35 –0.03 –0.77 −2.47 to 0.92 0.37 –0.03 Social problems in neighborhood 0.51 −1.23 to 2.25 0.57 0.02 1.27 –0.38 to 2.93 0.13 0.05 1.07 –0.71 to 2.84 0.24 0.04 T1—SES factor −13.92 −18.10 to –9.73 <.001 –0.54 −13.33 −17.25 to –9.42 <.001 –0.54 −13.59 −17.87 to –9.31 <.001 –0.53 T1—Negative parenting factor −0.66 −2.75 to 1.42 0.53 –0.03 –0.43 −2.43 to 1.57 0.67 –0.02 0.54 −1.58 to 2.66 0.62 0.02 T1—Family deviancy factor 0.61 −1.22 to 2.43 0.52 0.03 0.41 −1.23 to 2.05 0.62 0.02 0.89 –0.87 to 2.65 0.32 0.03 T1—Parent mental health factor −0.69 −3.07 to 1.68 0.57 –0.03 –0.79 −3.01 to 1.42 0.48 –0.03 −1.33 −3.70 to 1.04 0.27 –0.05 T1—Child peer relationships factor 0.19 −1.88 to 2.27 0.85 0.01 –0.05 −1.99 to 1.89 0.96 0.00 0.79 −1.28 to 2.87 0.46 0.03 CB CCS trajectory contrasts Early-onset vs never −3.19 −7.91 to 1.53 0.19 –0.12 –0.49 −4.95 to 3.97 0.83 –0.02 0.45 −4.34 to 5.24 0.85 0.02 Late-onset vs never −2.02 −5.57 to 1.53 0.27 –0.08 –0.95 −4.23 to 2.32 0.57 –0.04 −1.70 −5.24 to 1.83 0.35 –0.07 Step 2 SES interactions with CB CCS trajectory contrasts Early-onset vs never × SES 17.42 5.10 to 29.74 0.006 0.68 19.71 7.77 to 31.64 0.001 0.79 16.18 2.22 to 30.13 0.02 0.66 Late-onset vs never × SES 9.21 0.66 to 17.76 0.03 0.37 5.94 −2.22 to 14.10 0.15 0.24 9.82 0.97 to 18.68 0.03 0.39 R2 0.140 — <.001 — 0.164 — <.001 — 0.118 — <.001 — F 11.18 — <.001 — 13.56 — <.001 — 9.22 — <.001 — Δ R2 0.009 — 0.006 — 0.009 — 0.003 — 0.006 — 0.01 — Δ F 5.581 — — — 6.063 — — — 3.038 — — — ES are standardized coefficients. Gender: 1 = boys, 0 = girls; birth order: 0 = firstborn, 1 = has siblings; family status: 1 = intact family, 0 = nonintact (blended or single-parent families); SES: 0 = adequate (top 75th quartile); 1 = nonadequate (bottom quartile). —, not applicable; CI, confidence interval; T1, Time 1, 5 months to 5 years.
- TABLE 4
SES Within Effects for Child-Care Trajectories (Intensity and CB Type): Predicting SES Differences in Preadolescent Academic Achievement Scores Using Multiple Linear Regressions
Reading Writing Math B 95% CI P ES B 95% CI P ES B 95% CI P ES Model with CCS intensity (n = 1269) Gender −8.52 −11.41 to –5.63 .00 –0.34 −11.72 −14.42 to –9.03 .00 –0.47 −4.77 −7.71 to –1.83 .00 –0.18 Birth order −1.92 −3.85 to 0.00 .05 –0.08 −2.42 −4.22 to –0.62 .01 –0.10 −2.08 −4.02 to –0.13 .04 –0.08 Family status 4.89 1.09 to 8.69 .01 0.19 4.63 1.03 to 8.24 .01 0.19 6.63 2.67 to 10.59 .00 0.25 CSNR −1.03 −2.59 to 0.53 .19 –0.04 –0.77 −2.23 to 0.69 .30 –0.03 –0.78 −2.38 to 0.82 .34 –0.03 Difficult temperament 1.91 0.45 to 3.36 .01 0.08 1.94 0.57 to 3.32 .01 0.08 1.59 0.10 to 3.08 .04 0.06 Maternal age 2.17 0.58 to 3.76 .01 0.08 1.63 0.15 to 3.12 .03 0.07 1.15 –0.50 to 2.80 .17 0.05 Family dysfunction –0.49 −2.18 to 1.20 .57 –0.02 –0.38 −1.95 to 1.19 .64 –0.02 0.04 −1.65 to 1.73 .96 0.00 Neighborhood safety –0.18 −1.78 to 1.42 .82 0.00 –0.58 −2.04 to 0.88 .44 –0.02 –0.71 −2.32 to 0.91 .39 –0.03 Social problems in neighborhood –0.16 −1.81 to 1.50 .85 0.00 0.22 −1.32 to 1.76 .78 0.01 0.19 −1.46 to 1.84 .82 0.01 T1—Negative parenting factor –0.60 −2.62 to 1.42 .56 –0.02 –0.26 −2.14 to 1.61 .78 –0.01 0.33 −1.72 to 2.39 .75 0.01 T1—Family deviancy factor 0.58 −1.15 to 2.31 .51 0.02 0.23 −1.37 to 1.83 .78 0.01 0.74 –0.98 to 2.47 .40 0.03 T1—Parent mental health factor –0.93 −3.20 to 1.34 .42 –0.04 –0.95 −3.04 to 1.14 .37 –0.04 –0.98 −3.24 to 1.28 .40 –0.04 T1—Child peer relationships Factor 0.42 −1.53 to 2.38 .67 0.02 0.33 −1.48 to 2.15 .72 0.01 1.45 –0.51 to 3.41 .15 0.05 CCS intensity trajectory contrasts High vs low CCS hours −2.23 −6.39 to 1.93 .29 –0.09 0.56 −3.36 to 4.49 .78 0.02 −1.10 −5.29 to 3.09 .61 –0.04 Moderate vs low CCS hours −3.37 −7.83 to 1.10 .14 –0.13 −2.03 −6.16 to 2.10 .33 –0.09 −1.93 −6.37 to 2.51 .39 –0.07 SES interactions with CCS intensity trajectories High CCS intensity × SES −8.94 −17.25 to 0.63 .03 –0.35 −9.22 −17.01 to –1.42 .02 –0.37 −5.33 −13.60 to 2.94 .21 –0.20 Moderate CCS intensity × SES −14.43 −20.38 to –8.47 .00 –0.56 −12.59 −18.16 to –7.02 .00 –0.50 −14.57 −20.73 to –8.41 .00 –0.56 Low CCS intensity × SES −18.43 −23.75 to –13.11 .00 –0.72 −18.37 −23.35 to –13.39 .00 –0.74 −17.14 −22.58 to –11.69 .00 –0.66 R2 0.16 — — — 0.19 — — — 0.13 — — — F 12.93 — <.001 — 16.60 — <.001 — 10.67 — <.001 — Model with CB CCS type (n = 1119) Gender −8.73 −11.76 to –5.69 .00 –0.33 −11.63 −14.46 to –8.80 .00 –0.46 −4.75 −7.76 to –1.74 .00 –0.18 Birth order −1.73 −3.79 to 0.32 .10 –0.07 −2.85 −4.75 to –0.94 .00 –0.11 −2.02 −4.07 to 0.02 .05 –0.08 Family status 4.34 0.17 to 8.51 .04 0.17 3.76 –0.16 to 7.68 .06 0.15 6.61 2.38 to 10.84 .00 0.26 CSNR –0.68 −2.32 to 0.97 .42 –0.03 –0.34 −1.89 to 1.21 .67 –0.01 –0.37 −2.05 to 1.30 .66 –0.01 Difficult temperament 2.38 0.86 to 3.90 .00 0.09 2.15 0.73 to 3.56 .00 0.09 2.00 0.46 to 3.54 .01 0.08 Maternal age 2.59 0.87 to 4.30 .00 0.10 2.42 0.83 to 4.01 .00 0.09 1.26 –0.45 to 2.97 .15 0.05 Family dysfunction –0.34 −2.10 to 1.42 .70 –0.01 –0.21 −1.89 to 1.47 .81 –0.01 0.43 −1.33 to 2.19 .63 0.01 Neighborhood safety –0.45 −2.13 to 1.23 .60 –0.02 –0.82 −2.38 to 0.74 .30 –0.03 –0.83 −2.53 to 0.87 .34 –0.03 Social problems in neighborhood 0.47 −1.27 to 2.21 .60 0.02 1.20 –0.46 to 2.85 .16 0.05 1.04 –0.74 to 2.82 .25 0.04 T1—Negative parenting factor –0.69 −2.77 to 1.39 .52 –0.03 –0.43 −2.42 to 1.57 .67 –0.02 0.51 −1.61 to 2.62 .64 0.02 T1—Family deviancy factor 0.78 −1.04 to 2.60 .40 0.03 0.61 −1.03 to 2.25 .47 0.02 1.06 –0.70 to 2.81 .24 0.04 T1—Parent mental health factor –0.90 −3.27 to 1.47 .46 –0.03 –0.98 −3.19 to 1.23 .38 –0.04 −1.53 −3.90 to 0.83 .20 –0.05 T1—Child peer relationships factor 0.13 −1.94 to 2.19 .90 0.00 –0.10 −2.03 to 1.84 .92 0.00 0.72 −1.35 to 2.78 .50 0.03 CB CCS trajectory contrasts Early-onset vs never CB CCS −6.11 11.27 to –0.95 .02 0.24 −3.71 −8.55 to 1.13 .13 0.15 −2.29 −7.46 to 2.88 .39 0.10 Late-onset vs never CB CCS −3.94 −7.90 to 0.02 .05 0.08 −2.22 −5.86 to 1.43 .23 0.06 −3.74 −7.66 to 0.18 .06 –0.05 SES interactions with CCS Type Trajectories Never CB CCS × SES −17.65 −22.58 to –12.72 .00 –0.69 −16.45 −21.04 to –11.87 .00 –0.66 −17.37 22.31 to –12.42 .00 –0.68 Late-onset CB CCS × SES −8.44 −15.98 to –0.89 .03 –0.32 −10.52 −17.76 to –3.27 .00 –0.42 −7.54 15.50 to 0.41 .06 –0.29 Early-onset CB × SES –0.23 −11.92 to 11.47 .97 0.00 3.25 −8.11 to 14.61 .57 0.13 −1.19 14.60 to 12.21 .86 –0.02 R2 0.15 — — — 0.17 — — — 0.13 — — — F 10.64 — <.001 — 12.83 — <.001 — 8.85 — <.001 — CB, center based; CI, confidence interval; T1, Time 1, 5 months to 5 years.
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