Skip to main content

Advertising Disclaimer »

Main menu

  • Journals
    • Pediatrics
    • Hospital Pediatrics
    • Pediatrics in Review
    • NeoReviews
    • AAP Grand Rounds
    • AAP News
  • Authors/Reviewers
    • Submit Manuscript
    • Author Guidelines
    • Reviewer Guidelines
    • Open Access
    • Editorial Policies
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Online First
    • Archive
    • Blogs
    • Topic/Program Collections
    • AAP Meeting Abstracts
  • Pediatric Collections
    • COVID-19
    • Racism and Its Effects on Pediatric Health
    • More Collections...
  • AAP Policy
  • Supplements
  • Multimedia
    • Video Abstracts
    • Pediatrics On Call Podcast
  • Subscribe
  • Alerts
  • Careers
  • Other Publications
    • American Academy of Pediatrics

User menu

  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
American Academy of Pediatrics

AAP Gateway

Advanced Search

AAP Logo

  • Log in
  • My Cart
  • Journals
    • Pediatrics
    • Hospital Pediatrics
    • Pediatrics in Review
    • NeoReviews
    • AAP Grand Rounds
    • AAP News
  • Authors/Reviewers
    • Submit Manuscript
    • Author Guidelines
    • Reviewer Guidelines
    • Open Access
    • Editorial Policies
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Online First
    • Archive
    • Blogs
    • Topic/Program Collections
    • AAP Meeting Abstracts
  • Pediatric Collections
    • COVID-19
    • Racism and Its Effects on Pediatric Health
    • More Collections...
  • AAP Policy
  • Supplements
  • Multimedia
    • Video Abstracts
    • Pediatrics On Call Podcast
  • Subscribe
  • Alerts
  • Careers

Discover Pediatric Collections on COVID-19 and Racism and Its Effects on Pediatric Health

American Academy of Pediatrics
Article

Perinatal Origins of First-Grade Academic Failure: Role of Prematurity and Maternal Factors

Bryan L. Williams, Anne Lang Dunlop, Michael Kramer, Bridget V. Dever, Carol Hogue and Lucky Jain
Pediatrics April 2013, 131 (4) 693-700; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-1408
Bryan L. Williams
aNell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing,
aNell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing,
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Anne Lang Dunlop
aNell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing,
bSchool of Medicine,
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Michael Kramer
cDepartment of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, and
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Bridget V. Dever
dCollege of Education, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Carol Hogue
cDepartment of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, and
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Lucky Jain
bSchool of Medicine,
eEmory Children’s Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; and
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • Comments
Loading

This article requires a subscription to view the full text. If you have a subscription you may use the login form below to view the article. Access to this article can also be purchased.

Download PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: We examined the relationships among gestational age at birth, maternal characteristics, and standardized test performance in Georgia first-grade students.

METHODS: Live births to Georgia-resident mothers aged 11 to 53 years from 1998 through 2003 were deterministically linked with standardized test results for first-grade attendees of Georgia public schools from 2005 through 2009. Logistic models were used to estimate the odds of failure of the 3 components of the first-grade Criterion-Referenced Competency Test (CRCT).

RESULTS: The strongest risk factor for failure of each of the 3 components of the first-grade CRCT was level of maternal education. Child race/ethnicity and maternal age at birth were also associated with first-grade CRCT failure irrespective of the severity of preterm birth, but these factors were more important among children born moderately preterm than for those born on the margins of the prematurity distribution. Adjusting for maternal and child characteristics, there was an increased odds of failure of each component of the CRCT for children born late preterm versus term, including for math (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13–1.22), reading (aOR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.08–1.18), and English/language arts, for which there was an important interaction with being born small for gestational age (aOR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.07–1.29).

CONCLUSIONS: Preterm birth and low maternal education increase children’s risk of failure of first-grade standardized tests. Promoting women’s academic achievement and reduce rates of preterm birth may be important to achieving gains in elementary school performance.

  • prematurity
  • educational achievement
  • late prematurity
  • early cognitive development
  • Abbreviations:
    AIC —
    Akaike information criterion
    aOR —
    adjusted odds ratio
    CI —
    confidence interval
    CRCT —
    Criterion-Referenced Competency Test
    ELA —
    English/language arts
    EPT —
    extremely preterm (20–27 weeks)
    LPT —
    late preterm (34–36 weeks)
    MPT —
    moderately preterm (28–33 weeks)
    SGA —
    small for gestational age
    • Accepted December 5, 2012.
    • Copyright © 2013 by the American Academy of Pediatrics

    Individual Login

    Log in
    You will be redirected to aap.org to login or to create your account.

    Institutional Login

    via Institution

    You may be able to gain access using your login credentials for your institution. Contact your librarian or administrator if you do not have a username and password.

    Log in through your institution

    If your organization uses OpenAthens, you can log in using your OpenAthens username and password. To check if your institution is supported, please see this list. Contact your library for more details.

    Purchase access

    You may purchase access to this article. This will require you to create an account if you don't already have one.

    Offer Reprints

    PreviousNext
    Back to top

    Advertising Disclaimer »

    In this issue

    Pediatrics
    Vol. 131, Issue 4
    1 Apr 2013
    • Table of Contents
    • Index by author
    View this article with LENS
    PreviousNext
    Email Article

    Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on American Academy of Pediatrics.

    NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

    Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
    Perinatal Origins of First-Grade Academic Failure: Role of Prematurity and Maternal Factors
    (Your Name) has sent you a message from American Academy of Pediatrics
    (Your Name) thought you would like to see the American Academy of Pediatrics web site.
    CAPTCHA
    This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
    Request Permissions
    Article Alerts
    Log in
    You will be redirected to aap.org to login or to create your account.
    Or Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
    Citation Tools
    Perinatal Origins of First-Grade Academic Failure: Role of Prematurity and Maternal Factors
    Bryan L. Williams, Anne Lang Dunlop, Michael Kramer, Bridget V. Dever, Carol Hogue, Lucky Jain
    Pediatrics Apr 2013, 131 (4) 693-700; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-1408

    Citation Manager Formats

    • BibTeX
    • Bookends
    • EasyBib
    • EndNote (tagged)
    • EndNote 8 (xml)
    • Medlars
    • Mendeley
    • Papers
    • RefWorks Tagged
    • Ref Manager
    • RIS
    • Zotero
    Share
    Perinatal Origins of First-Grade Academic Failure: Role of Prematurity and Maternal Factors
    Bryan L. Williams, Anne Lang Dunlop, Michael Kramer, Bridget V. Dever, Carol Hogue, Lucky Jain
    Pediatrics Apr 2013, 131 (4) 693-700; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-1408
    del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
    Print
    Download PDF
    Insight Alerts
    • Table of Contents

    Jump to section

    • Article
      • Abstract
      • Methods
      • Results
      • Discussion
      • Footnotes
      • References
    • Figures & Data
    • Info & Metrics
    • Comments

    Related Articles

    • No related articles found.
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar

    Cited By...

    • Academic Outcomes in Children With Congenital Heart Defects: A Population-Based Cohort Study
    • Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome and High School Performance
    • Planned Birth Before 39 Weeks and Child Development: A Population-Based Study
    • Late Preterm Infants and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at Kindergarten
    • Google Scholar

    More in this TOC Section

    • Applications of Artificial Intelligence for Retinopathy of Prematurity Screening
    • Phenobarbital and Clonidine as Secondary Medications for Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
    • Severe Acute Neurologic Involvement in Children With Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
    Show more Article

    Similar Articles

    Subjects

    • Community Pediatrics
      • Community Pediatrics
      • School Health
    • Developmental/Behavioral Pediatrics
      • Developmental/Behavioral Pediatrics
      • Cognition/Language/Learning Disorders
      • Growth/Development Milestones

    Keywords

    • prematurity
    • educational achievement
    • late prematurity
    • early cognitive development
    • Journal Info
    • Editorial Board
    • Editorial Policies
    • Overview
    • Licensing Information
    • Authors/Reviewers
    • Author Guidelines
    • Submit My Manuscript
    • Open Access
    • Reviewer Guidelines
    • Librarians
    • Institutional Subscriptions
    • Usage Stats
    • Support
    • Contact Us
    • Subscribe
    • Resources
    • Media Kit
    • About
    • International Access
    • Terms of Use
    • Privacy Statement
    • FAQ
    • AAP.org
    • shopAAP
    • Follow American Academy of Pediatrics on Instagram
    • Visit American Academy of Pediatrics on Facebook
    • Follow American Academy of Pediatrics on Twitter
    • Follow American Academy of Pediatrics on Youtube
    • RSS
    American Academy of Pediatrics

    © 2021 American Academy of Pediatrics