Skip to main content

Advertising Disclaimer »

Main menu

  • Journals
    • Pediatrics
    • Hospital Pediatrics
    • Pediatrics in Review
    • NeoReviews
    • AAP Grand Rounds
    • AAP News
  • Authors/Reviewers
    • Submit Manuscript
    • Author Guidelines
    • Reviewer Guidelines
    • Open Access
    • Editorial Policies
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Online First
    • Archive
    • Blogs
    • Topic/Program Collections
    • AAP Meeting Abstracts
  • Pediatric Collections
    • COVID-19
    • Racism and Its Effects on Pediatric Health
    • More Collections...
  • AAP Policy
  • Supplements
  • Multimedia
    • Video Abstracts
    • Pediatrics On Call Podcast
  • Subscribe
  • Alerts
  • Careers
  • Other Publications
    • American Academy of Pediatrics

User menu

  • Log in
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
American Academy of Pediatrics

AAP Gateway

Advanced Search

AAP Logo

  • Log in
  • My Cart
  • Journals
    • Pediatrics
    • Hospital Pediatrics
    • Pediatrics in Review
    • NeoReviews
    • AAP Grand Rounds
    • AAP News
  • Authors/Reviewers
    • Submit Manuscript
    • Author Guidelines
    • Reviewer Guidelines
    • Open Access
    • Editorial Policies
  • Content
    • Current Issue
    • Online First
    • Archive
    • Blogs
    • Topic/Program Collections
    • AAP Meeting Abstracts
  • Pediatric Collections
    • COVID-19
    • Racism and Its Effects on Pediatric Health
    • More Collections...
  • AAP Policy
  • Supplements
  • Multimedia
    • Video Abstracts
    • Pediatrics On Call Podcast
  • Subscribe
  • Alerts
  • Careers

Discover Pediatric Collections on COVID-19 and Racism and Its Effects on Pediatric Health

American Academy of Pediatrics
From the American Academy of PediatricsClinical Report

Allergy Testing in Childhood: Using Allergen-Specific IgE Tests

Scott H. Sicherer, Robert A. Wood and the SECTION ON ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
Pediatrics January 2012, 129 (1) 193-197; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2382
Scott H. Sicherer
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Robert A. Wood
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Info & Metrics
  • Comments
Loading
Download PDF

Abstract

A variety of triggers can induce common pediatric allergic diseases which include asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, and anaphylaxis. Allergy testing serves to confirm an allergic trigger suspected on the basis of history. Tests for allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) are performed by in vitro assays or skin tests. The tests are excellent for identifying a sensitized state in which allergen-specific IgE is present, and may identify triggers to be eliminated and help guide immunotherapy treatment. However, a positive test result does not always equate with clinical allergy. Newer enzymatic assays based on anti-IgE antibodies have supplanted the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). This clinical report focuses on allergen-specific IgE testing, emphasizing that the medical history and knowledge of disease characteristics are crucial for rational test selection and interpretation.

KEY WORDS
  • allergy
  • allergy testing
  • immunoglobulin
  • IgE
  • immunotherapy
  • pediatrics
  • Abbreviations:
    IgE —
    immunoglobulin E
    sIgE —
    allergen-specific IgE
    SPT —
    skin prick test
    IgG —
    immunoglobulin G
  • Introduction

    Allergic diseases (allergic rhinitis [hay fever], asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic or anaphylactic reactions to foods, drugs, insect venom, or other allergens) often warrant identification of specific allergic triggers for treatment. Most allergic responses are mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies specific for the trigger allergen, which can be detected with in vitro tests or skin testing. This clinical report focuses on using in vitro allergen-specific IgE (sIgE) testing, which is widely available to pediatricians. A full description of the use of tests for diagnosis and management of allergic disease is beyond the scope of this report, but is described in recent guidelines and practice parameters.1–9

    Tests Available for Detecting sIgE

    A number of enzymatic assays that are based on anti-IgE antibodies have supplanted the radioallergosorbent test.10 Commercial laboratories that are federally licensed under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act of 1988 often use automated systems capable of detecting and quantifying sIgE. Laboratory reports may indicate a number of readouts (eg, classes, counts, or units), but quantification of results in units reflecting concentrations of sIgE is becoming more common (eg, kUA/L). Although the 3 commercial detection systems approved by the Food and Drug Administration have excellent performance characteristics (analytical sensitivity, 0.1 kUA/L), the individual systems appear to detect different populations of IgE antibody or do not measure IgE antibodies with comparable efficiencies. Thus, a result for an allergen in 1 of the 3 test systems may not be equivalent to the same allergen tested in a different system.

    The skin prick test (SPT), typically used by allergy specialists, is another means of detecting sIgE antibodies.11 A number of devices are available for introducing allergen into the surface of the skin with minimal discomfort; a resulting wheal-and-flare response can be measured in 10 to 20 minutes. Saline and histamine controls are placed for comparison. Intradermal skin testing is performed in special circumstances when increased sensitivity is required (eg, after negative SPT for vaccines, venom, penicillin, and some inhalant allergens, such as Alternaria organisms and perhaps other outdoor molds).

    Both serum sIgE tests and SPT are sensitive and have similar diagnostic properties.11,12 Advantages of the SPT include immediate results visible to the patient/family and low cost compared with serum sIgE tests. Disadvantages include the need to withhold medications with antihistamine properties and having rash-free skin available for testing. Advantages of the serologic tests include availability and lack of interference from antihistamines or extensive dermatitis. Disadvantages include the need to obtain blood samples, delayed results, and cost. Some discrepancies exist, however; one test or the other may be more sensitive to detect specific allergens, probably because different proteins or IgE binding sites are represented.2,3,7,9,11,13

    Test Selection and Interpretation

    Tests might be selected to identify triggers from a number of potential common allergens, for confirming a specific trigger when there is suspicion of one, or in less common circumstances, screening for atopy. A positive serum sIgE or skin test denotes a sensitized state. However, detection of sensitization to an allergen is not equivalent to a clinical diagnosis. In fact, many children with positive tests have no clinical illness when exposed to the allergen.2,3,7,9,11,13 This limitation highlights the need for the clinician to use a detailed medical history and have knowledge of the features of the specific illness when selecting and interpreting tests. For example, there is no need to test for an allergen that is clearly tolerated (eg, egg in a child who eats egg without symptoms) or when exposure is not relevant (eg, testing a pollen to which the child is not geographically exposed). Knowledge of local aerobiology is, therefore, essential. Testing large panels of allergens without consideration of the history, geographic relevance, and disease characteristics may result in many clinically irrelevant positive results, which, if overinterpreted, may lead to costly and socially, emotionally, and/or nutritionally detrimental actions of unnecessary allergen avoidance. Similarly, caution is advised when testing is negative despite a convincing history. Testing for sIgE would also generally not be useful when the disorder has no pathophysiological basis for a relationship to sIgE (eg, behavioral disorders; allergic disorders not related to sIgE, such as allergic contact dermatitis).

    Few studies have correlated clinical outcomes to test results.2,3,4,11 Studies have generally supported the notion that increasingly strong tests correlate with increasing likelihood of clinical reactivity.2,3,11 Patients should not be told they are allergic based solely on either a skin test or the identification of sIgE. The test characteristics underscore the need to select and interpret tests with consideration of the medical history, which increases diagnostic value by applying previous probability.4

    A physician interested in screening for atopy (eg, distinguishing recurrent viral infections from allergic rhinitis) might select a small panel of common triggers. Another means to screen for atopy is to use a multiallergen test that contains several common allergens in one test (eg, one test that includes several perennial allergens, such as dust mite, dog dander, and mold). Availability and composition of these tests varies by manufacturer. A positive result will not identify IgE to a specific antigen but can, at less cost than performing many individual tests, identify a child whose symptoms may relate to exposure to a specific allergen and warrant further specific testing or referral. The multiallergen test had excellent predictive value for identifying atopic children compared with SPTs and an allergist’s diagnosis.14,15

    Issues Specific to Respiratory Allergy1,6,11

    The disorders that respiratory allergy comprises are allergic asthma and seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis. National asthma guidelines1 suggest that patients with persistent asthma be evaluated for the role of allergens as contributing factors, with an emphasis on testing for perennial indoor allergens (eg, dust mite, animal dander, cockroach, mold) that might otherwise not be identified as contributing to disease and also suggest testing seasonal or perennial allergens for selected patients with any level of asthma severity as a basis for education about the role of allergens for avoidance and for immunotherapy.

    The clinician may be interested in identifying specific indoor (eg, dust mite, animal dander, molds, mice, and cockroach) or outdoor (eg, pollens, molds) triggers. Rational selection and interpretation of specific tests requires consideration of the environmental exposures (housing, pets, and geographic floristic patterns), medical history (nature of symptoms, timing in relation to exposures), and disease characteristics (eg, pollen allergy is uncommon in infancy; patients are unlikely to have acute symptoms from dust mite exposure; food allergens do not typically cause chronic respiratory disease). Provocation tests can confirm environmental allergy but are not often undertaken for clinical purposes.

    Issues Specific to Food Allergy2,3,4,11

    Food allergy may be suspected when specific symptoms (eg, urticaria, angioedema, cough, wheeze, vomit, and anaphylaxis) occur minutes to hours after the ingestion of a food, and in children diagnosed with certain disorders, such as moderate to severe atopic dermatitis, eosinophilic esophagitis, and other allergic gastrointestinal tract disorders. Testing for sIgE to foods might be considered to identify or confirm triggers, to assist in diagnosis of chronic disorders, or to monitor for allergy resolution. However, they are not considered diagnostic in and of themselves. SPT and serum sIgE provide similar sensitivity and specificity.12 It is common to have positive test results for tolerated foods; therefore, indiscriminate testing (ie, panels that include foods that are already tolerated) is not advised. Additional means to assist in diagnosis include the medical history and results of medically supervised oral food challenges. Elimination diets, if initiated, should not be maintained in the absence of a convincing previous history of a reaction or a medically supervised oral food challenge. A comprehensive description of the diagnostic and management process is reviewed in recent guidelines.2–4 Key observations include:

    • Screening panels of food allergens without previous consideration of the history is not recommended, because sensitization without clinical allergy is common. For example, ∼8% have positive test results for peanut, but ∼1% are clinically allergic.16

    • A negative SPT or serum sIgE test result does not entirely exclude a diagnosis of a food allergy. One test may be positive when the other is negative. SPT using fresh food extracts may increase sensitivity, especially for fruits. Caution is needed when tests are negative when a specific food allergy history is convincing; a medically supervised oral food challenge may be needed.

    • Cross-reactivity among proteins may result in a much higher degree of positive sIgE test results among related foods than clinical reactions (eg, >50% of patients with peanut allergy test positive to other legumes, but <5% have clinical symptoms of allergy from ingestion of legumes). Cross-reactivity among homologous proteins of aeroallergens and food allergens may result in positive tests to foods, often without clinical allergy (eg, birch pollen with hazelnut, peanut, soy; grass pollen with wheat, peanut; dust mite with shrimp).

    • Strong positive test results correlate with increasing probability of clinical allergy, and particularly high values may indicate a high degree (>95%) of likely allergy; however, there are few studies correlating outcomes to test results, and results vary by age, disease, and other factors.

    • sIgE serum concentration or SPT wheal size do not accurately predict the severity of allergic reactions, but do reflect the likelihood of an allergic reaction of variable intensity.

    • Testing for total IgE does not identify specific allergies. Atopic individuals often have elevated total IgE, but there is no current evidence to support the interpretation of sIgE in relation to total IgE.

    • Tests measuring immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies for diagnosis are not recommended.

    • Intradermal tests are not recommended, because they are too sensitive and carry risk of a severe allergic reaction.

    • Food protein-induced enterocolitis and proctocolitis (eg, cell-mediated food allergic disorders) are not associated with positive IgE tests.

    Issues Specific to Other Allergies (Drug Allergy, Insect Venom, Vaccines, Latex)7-9

    The general caveats regarding sensitization and clinical allergy described previously also apply to allergy tests for substances that may cause acute allergic reactions or anaphylaxis, such as medications, insect venom, vaccines, and latex. The medical history is essential in decision making regarding testing and interpretation, including understanding whether the symptoms are likely to be IgE mediated.

    Tests for drug allergy (eg, acute allergic reactions) are generally not standardized, and the sensitivity of serum tests appears poor.8 IgE tests are not relevant for many drug reactions (maculopapular rashes, Stevens-Johnson syndrome). SPT and intradermal tests for penicillin allergy using recently available reagents have potential utility for IgE-mediated allergies.8

    Allergy testing for venom allergy should be considered when symptoms of anaphylaxis occur after a sting. When anaphylactic allergy to venom is confirmed by skin testing, immunotherapy is indicated and highly effective.7,9,11 Isolated, localized swelling at a sting site does not identify a risk of anaphylaxis, and testing is not warranted. Generalized urticaria without other symptoms of anaphylaxis in children 16 years and younger usually does not warrant testing, because more severe reactions appear to be unlikely; however, systemic anaphylaxis in any age group and generalized urticaria in adolescents older than 16 years warrant testing. SPT and intradermal testing are considered the standard means of diagnosis, although serum IgE tests for venom or venom components may be performed when skin tests are negative and the history is suggestive.

    SPT and intradermal tests can be performed for vaccines suspected of triggering allergic reactions, although care is needed to choose the proper dilution to prevent irritant reactions.7,17,18 Skin tests are not available for latex; serum tests are available, but the diagnostic utility is not well characterized.7,11

    Tests Under Development and Unproven Tests

    Tests are under development that detect IgE binding to specific proteins in foods (component-resolved diagnosis), with a potential to more accurately identify people likely to react or with more severe allergies; however, further validation of these tests is needed.2,3,11 Additional tests requiring more validation include basophil activation and atopy patch tests with foods.2,3,11 These tests are currently primarily research tools, although specific uses have been identified.8,11

    A number of tests have no evidence to support their use and are not recommended, including: lymphocyte stimulation, facial thermography, gastric juice analysis, hair analysis, applied kinesiology, provocation-neutralization, allergen-specific IgG/IgG4, cytotoxic assay, electrodermal test (VEGA), and mediator release assay.2,3,11

    SUMMARY

    1. Treatment decisions for infants and children with allergy should be made on the basis of history and, when appropriate, identified through directed serum sIgE or SPT testing. Newer in vitro sIgE tests have supplanted radioallergosorbent tests.

    2. Allergy tests for sIgE must be selected and interpreted in the context of a clinical presentation; test relevance may vary according to the patient’s age, allergen exposure, and performance characteristics of the test.

    3. Positive sIgE test results indicate sensitization, but are not equivalent to clinical allergy. Large panels of indiscriminately performed screening tests may, therefore, provide misleading information.

    4. Tests for sIgE may be influenced by cross-reactive proteins that may or may not have clinical relevance to disease.

    5. Increasingly higher levels of sIgE (higher concentrations on serum tests or SPT wheal size) generally correlate with an increased risk of clinical allergy.

    6. sIgE test results typically do not reflect the severity of allergies.

    7. Use of a multiallergen serum test can be helpful for screening for atopic disease if there is a clinical suspicion. If positive, allergen-specific testing may be considered.

    8. Tests for allergen-specific IgG antibodies are not helpful for diagnosing allergies.

    9. Because test limitations often warrant additional evaluation to confirm the role of specific allergens, consultation with a board-certified allergist-immunologist should be considered.

    Lead Authors

    Scott H. Sicherer, MD

    Robert A. Wood, MD

    Section on Allergy and Immunology Executive Committee, 2009–2011

    Scott H. Sicherer, MD, Chairperson

    Stuart Abramson, MD, PhD

    Bradley E. Chipps, MD

    Thomas Fleisher, MD

    Mitchell R. Lester, MD

    Todd A. Mahr, MD

    Elizabeth C. Matsui, MD

    Frank S. Virant, MD

    Paul V. Williams, MD, Immediate Past Chair

    Staff

    Debra L. Burrowes, MHA

    Acknowledgments

    Comments on this clinical report were solicited from committees, sections, and councils of the AAP; 3 responded. The Specific IgE Task Force Committee of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology and the American College of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology also reviewed this clinical report.

    Footnotes

    • This document is copyrighted and is property of the American Academy of Pediatrics and its Board of Directors. All authors have filed conflict of interest statements with the American Academy of Pediatrics. Any conflicts have been resolved through a process approved by the Board of Directors. The American Academy of Pediatrics has neither solicited nor accepted any commercial involvement in the development of the content of this publication.

    • The guidance in this report does not indicate an exclusive course of treatment or serve as a standard of medical care. Variations, taking into account individual circumstances, may be appropriate.

    • All clinical reports from the American Academy of Pediatrics automatically expire 5 years after publication unless reaffirmed, revised, or retired at or before that time.

    References

    1. ↵
      1. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program
      . Expert Panel Report 3 (EPR-3): Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma-Summary Report 2007. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120(5 suppl):S94–S138pmid:17983880
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    2. ↵
      1. Boyce JA,
      2. Assa’ad A,
      3. Burks AW,
      4. et al.,
      5. NIAID-Sponsored Expert Panel
      . Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food allergy in the United States: report of the NIAID-sponsored expert panel. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(6 suppl):S1–S58pmid:21134576
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    3. ↵
      1. Burks AW,
      2. Jones SM,
      3. Boyce JA,
      4. et al
      . NIAID-sponsored 2010 guidelines for managing food allergy: applications in the pediatric population. Pediatrics. 2011; Published online October 10. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-0539
    4. ↵
      1. American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology
      . Food allergy: a practice parameter. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;96(3 suppl 2):S1–S68pmid:16597066
      OpenUrlPubMed
      1. Krakowski AC,
      2. Eichenfield LF,
      3. Dohil MA
      . Management of atopic dermatitis in the pediatric population. Pediatrics. 2008;122(4):812–824pmid:18829806
      OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    5. ↵
      1. Wallace DV,
      2. Dykewicz MS,
      3. Bernstein DI,
      4. et al.,
      5. Joint Task Force on Practice,
      6. American Academy of Allergy,
      7. Asthma & Immunology,
      8. American College of Allergy,
      9. Asthma and Immunology,
      10. Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology
      . The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: an updated practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(2 suppl):S1–S84pmid:18662584
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    6. ↵
      1. Lieberman P,
      2. Nicklas RA,
      3. Oppenheimer J,
      4. et al
      . The diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis practice parameter: 2010 update. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(3):477–480, e1–e42pmid:20692689
      OpenUrlCrossRef
    7. ↵
      1. Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters,
      2. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology,
      3. American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology,
      4. Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology
      . Drug allergy: an updated practice parameter. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;105(4):259–273pmid:20934625
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    8. ↵
      1. Moffitt JE,
      2. Golden DB,
      3. Reisman RE,
      4. et al
      . Stinging insect hypersensitivity: a practice parameter update. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114(4):869–886pmid:15480329
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    9. ↵
      1. Hamilton RG,
      2. Williams PB,
      3. Specific IgE Testing Task Force of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology,
      4. American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology
      . Human IgE antibody serology: a primer for the practicing North American allergist/immunologist. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(1):33–38pmid:20451984
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    10. ↵
      1. Bernstein IL,
      2. Li JT,
      3. Bernstein DI,
      4. et al.,
      5. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology,
      6. American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology
      . Allergy diagnostic testing: an updated practice parameter. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;100(3 suppl 3):S1–S148pmid:18431959
      OpenUrlPubMed
    11. ↵
      1. Chafen JJ,
      2. Newberry SJ,
      3. Riedl MA,
      4. et al
      . Diagnosing and managing common food allergies: a systematic review. JAMA. 2010;303(18):1848–1856pmid:20460624
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    12. ↵
      1. Cox L,
      2. Williams B,
      3. Sicherer S,
      4. et al.,
      5. American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Test Task Force,
      6. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Specific IgE Test Task Force
      . Pearls and pitfalls of allergy diagnostic testing: report from the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Specific IgE Test Task Force. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;101(6):580–592pmid:19119701
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    13. ↵
      1. Ballardini N,
      2. Nilsson C,
      3. Nilsson M,
      4. Lilja G
      . ImmunoCAP Phadiatop Infant—a new blood test for detecting IgE sensitisation in children at 2 years of age. Allergy. 2006;61(3):337–343pmid:16436143
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    14. ↵
      1. Wood RA,
      2. Schuberth KC,
      3. Sampson HA
      . Value of a multiantigen radioallergosorbent test in diagnosing atopic disease in young children. J Pediatr. 1990;117(6):882–885pmid:2246685
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    15. ↵
      1. Liu AH,
      2. Jaramillo R,
      3. Sicherer SH,
      4. et al
      . National prevalence and risk factors for food allergy and relationship to asthma: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126(4):798–806, e13pmid:20920770
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    16. ↵
      1. Wood RA,
      2. Setse R,
      3. Halsey N,
      4. Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) Network Hypersensitivity Working Group
      . Irritant skin test reactions to common vaccines. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120(2):478–481pmid:17544094
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    17. ↵
      1. Kelso JM,
      2. Li JT,
      3. Nicklas RA,
      4. et al.,
      5. Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters,
      6. Joint Task Forcce on Practice Parameters for Allergy & Immunology
      . Adverse reactions to vaccines. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2009;103(4 suppl 2):S1–S14pmid:19886402
      OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
    • Copyright © 2012 by the American Academy of Pediatrics
    PreviousNext
    Back to top

    Advertising Disclaimer »

    In this issue

    Pediatrics
    Vol. 129, Issue 1
    1 Jan 2012
    • Table of Contents
    • Index by author
    View this article with LENS
    PreviousNext
    Email Article

    Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on American Academy of Pediatrics.

    NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

    Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
    Allergy Testing in Childhood: Using Allergen-Specific IgE Tests
    (Your Name) has sent you a message from American Academy of Pediatrics
    (Your Name) thought you would like to see the American Academy of Pediatrics web site.
    CAPTCHA
    This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
    Request Permissions
    Article Alerts
    Log in
    You will be redirected to aap.org to login or to create your account.
    Or Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
    Citation Tools
    Allergy Testing in Childhood: Using Allergen-Specific IgE Tests
    Scott H. Sicherer, Robert A. Wood, the SECTION ON ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
    Pediatrics Jan 2012, 129 (1) 193-197; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-2382

    Citation Manager Formats

    • BibTeX
    • Bookends
    • EasyBib
    • EndNote (tagged)
    • EndNote 8 (xml)
    • Medlars
    • Mendeley
    • Papers
    • RefWorks Tagged
    • Ref Manager
    • RIS
    • Zotero
    Share
    Allergy Testing in Childhood: Using Allergen-Specific IgE Tests
    Scott H. Sicherer, Robert A. Wood, the SECTION ON ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
    Pediatrics Jan 2012, 129 (1) 193-197; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-2382
    del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
    Print
    Download PDF
    Insight Alerts
    • Table of Contents

    Jump to section

    • Article
      • Abstract
      • Introduction
      • Tests Available for Detecting sIgE
      • Test Selection and Interpretation
      • Issues Specific to Respiratory Allergy1,6,11
      • Issues Specific to Food Allergy2,3,4,11
      • Issues Specific to Other Allergies (Drug Allergy, Insect Venom, Vaccines, Latex)7-9
      • Tests Under Development and Unproven Tests
      • SUMMARY
      • Lead Authors
      • Section on Allergy and Immunology Executive Committee, 2009–2011
      • Staff
      • Acknowledgments
      • Footnotes
      • References
    • Info & Metrics
    • Comments

    Related Articles

    • No related articles found.
    • PubMed
    • Google Scholar

    Cited By...

    • Critical Issues in Food Allergy: A National Academies Consensus Report
    • Selling falsehoods? A cross-sectional study of Canadian naturopathy, homeopathy, chiropractic and acupuncture clinic website claims relating to allergy and asthma
    • Indoor Environmental Control Practices and Asthma Management
    • Overdiagnosis: How Our Compulsion for Diagnosis May Be Harming Children
    • A Synopsis of the Synopses, 2013-2014
    • New guidelines outline pediatrician's role in managing food allergies in schools
    • Misdiagnosed Food Allergy Resulting in Severe Malnutrition in an Infant
    • A Synopsis of the Synopses, 2011-2012
    • Google Scholar

    More in this TOC Section

    • Ethical Considerations in Pediatricians’ Use of Social Media
    • 2021 Recommendations for Preventive Pediatric Health Care
    • Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedule: United States, 2021
    Show more From the American Academy of Pediatrics

    Similar Articles

    Subjects

    • Allergy/Immunology
      • Allergy/Immunology
    • Journal Info
    • Editorial Board
    • Editorial Policies
    • Overview
    • Licensing Information
    • Authors/Reviewers
    • Author Guidelines
    • Submit My Manuscript
    • Open Access
    • Reviewer Guidelines
    • Librarians
    • Institutional Subscriptions
    • Usage Stats
    • Support
    • Contact Us
    • Subscribe
    • Resources
    • Media Kit
    • About
    • International Access
    • Terms of Use
    • Privacy Statement
    • FAQ
    • AAP.org
    • shopAAP
    • Follow American Academy of Pediatrics on Instagram
    • Visit American Academy of Pediatrics on Facebook
    • Follow American Academy of Pediatrics on Twitter
    • Follow American Academy of Pediatrics on Youtube
    • RSS
    American Academy of Pediatrics

    © 2021 American Academy of Pediatrics