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American Academy of Pediatrics
Commentary

Cerebral White Matter Injury of the Premature Infant—More Common Than You Think

Joseph J. Volpe
Pediatrics July 2003, 112 (1) 176-180; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.112.1.176
Joseph J. Volpe
Children’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02115
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IMPORTANCE OF CEREBRAL WHITE MATTER INJURY

Brain injury in the premature infant consists of multiple lesions, principally germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage, posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus, and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). The last of these now appears to be the most important determinant of the neurologic morbidity observed in survivors of birth weight <1500 g. Indeed, of these very low birth weight infants, ∼10% later exhibit cerebral palsy, and ∼50%, cognitive and behavioral deficits.1–5 The focal necrotic lesions of PVL deep in the cerebral white matter correlate well with the cerebral palsy, whereas the cognitive/behavioral deficits may relate to more diffuse white matter injury observed with PVL (see below). The nature of the relationship between the diffuse white matter injury and the cognitive/behavioral deficits is complex and not entirely understood (see below). The current report of the Hammersmith group by Counsell et al,6 published elsewhere in this issue, addresses the frequency and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of this diffuse white matter abnormality.

PREDOMINANCE OF NONCYSTIC CEREBRAL WHITE INJURY

The study of Counsell et al6 stimulates further a necessary change in the widely held concept of PVL as principally focal necrotic lesions in the periventricular white matter with subsequent cyst formation. This concept is based on the earlier classic neuropathological description in 1962 of the focal necrotic lesions by Banker and Larroche.7 That landmark work led to the appropriate descriptive term for focal softening in the periventricular white matter, ie, PVL. Indeed, innumerable later in vivo clinical and epidemiologic studies of PVL published in the last decade or so have used the ultrasonographic finding of focal periventricular echolucency as the hallmark of PVL (see ref. 1 for review). However, focal necrotic lesions evolving to cysts, readily identified by cranial ultrasonography, are no longer the principal feature of white matter injury in premature infants. Cystic PVL identified by brain imaging is a …

Reprints requests to (J.J.V.) Department of Neurology, Fegan 1103, Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail: joseph.volpe{at}tch.harvard.edu

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Pediatrics
Vol. 112, Issue 1
1 Jul 2003
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Cerebral White Matter Injury of the Premature Infant—More Common Than You Think
Joseph J. Volpe
Pediatrics Jul 2003, 112 (1) 176-180; DOI: 10.1542/peds.112.1.176

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Cerebral White Matter Injury of the Premature Infant—More Common Than You Think
Joseph J. Volpe
Pediatrics Jul 2003, 112 (1) 176-180; DOI: 10.1542/peds.112.1.176
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  • Article
    • IMPORTANCE OF CEREBRAL WHITE MATTER INJURY
    • PREDOMINANCE OF NONCYSTIC CEREBRAL WHITE INJURY
    • NEW INSIGHTS FROM MRI/DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED MRI (DWI)
    • KEY QUESTIONS RAISED BY MRI/DWI
    • NEW NEUROPATHOLOGICAL INSIGHTS
    • IMPLICATIONS FOR PATHOGENESIS
    • POTENTIAL DELETERIOUS INTERACTION OF ISCHEMIA AND INFECTION
    • CONCLUSIONS
    • Footnotes
    • REFERENCES
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Subjects

  • Fetus/Newborn Infant
    • Fetus/Newborn Infant

Keywords

  • PVL, periventricular leukomalacia
  • MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
  • DEHSI, diffuse excessive high signal intensity
  • DWI, diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging
  • ADC, apparent diffusion coefficient
  • ROS, reactive oxygen species
  • RNS, reactive nitrogen species
  • TLR, Toll-like receptor
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