Abstract
Objective. To present a clinical version of the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts and to compare them with the previous version, the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) growth charts.
Methods. The 2000 CDC percentile curves were developed in 2 stages. In the first stage, the empirical percentiles were smoothed by a variety of parametric and nonparametric procedures. To obtain corresponding percentiles and z scores, we approximated the smoothed percentiles using a modified LMS estimation procedure in the second stage. The charts include of a set of curves for infants, birth to 36 months of age, and a set for children and adolescents, 2 to 20 years of age.
Results. The charts represent a cross-section of children who live in the United States; breastfed infants are represented on the basis of their distribution in the US population. The 2000 CDC growth charts more closely match the national distribution of birth weights than did the 1977 NCHS growth charts, and the disjunction between weight-for-length and weight-for-stature or length-for-age and stature-for-age found in the 1977 charts has been corrected. Moreover, the 2000 CDC growth charts can be used to obtain both percentiles and z scores. Finally, body mass index-for-age charts are available for children and adolescents 2 to 20 years of age.
Conclusion. The 2000 CDC growth charts are recommended for use in the United States. Pediatric clinics should make the transition from the 1977 NCHS to the 2000 CDC charts for routine monitoring of growth in infants, children, and adolescents.
- growth charts
- stature
- length
- weight
- body mass index
- head circumference
- NHANES
- preschool-age children
- disjunction
The 1977 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) growth charts for infants and older children1 have been used widely in pediatric practice to assess the nutritional and health status of children and to monitor individual growth. In 1978, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) produced a normalized version of the 1977 NCHS percentiles.2,3 The World Health Organization (WHO) subsequently adopted these normalized curves as an international reference (CDC/WHO growth charts).4–6 Researchers have used these 1978 charts to calculate prevalence estimates and z scores, compare populations, monitor trends, evaluate interventions, and define nutritional outcomes.
Concerns about the 1977 NCHS charts along with the availability of recent, comprehensive data, and improved statistical smoothing procedures, led to a revision of the charts and the release in May 2000 of the CDC growth charts for the United States.7 The main concerns about the 1977 NCHS charts centered on the use of Fels Research Institute8 data for the infant charts.9–11 Although not ideal, the Fels data were considered the best available data at the time and some of the limitations of incorporating them were clearly stated with the initial release.12 Nevertheless, 4 main issues related to using the Fels data led to criticisms of the 1977 growth charts. First, the data were not representative of the entire country; data from the Fels Institute were derived from white, middle-class infants living in southwestern Ohio between 1929 and 1975. Second, the infants in the Fels sample, similar to what was happening nationally during those years, were primarily formula fed. Third, birth weights in the Fels sample did not match the national distribution of birth weights. Fourth, differences between recumbent length in the Fels data set and stature in the national data used for the older child charts were too large, leading to a disjunction between the infant and older child growth curves between 24 and 36 months of age.2,3,9
Two other concerns about the 1977 NCHS growth charts also have been raised. First, the percentiles from the normalized version were not identical to the original 1977 NCHS percentiles. Second, the weight-for-stature charts ended at 10 or 11 years of age, making it impossible to evaluate weight adjusted for stature during adolescence.
The objective of this article is to present a clinical version of the 2000 CDC growth charts containing 2 charts per page with data entry boxes and to compare the 2000 CDC growth charts with the previous 1977 NCHS version.
METHODS
The 2000 CDC growth charts consist of a set of curves for infants, birth to 36 months of age, and a set for children and adolescents, 2 to 20 years of age. The infant growth charts consist of curves for weight-for-age, recumbent length-for-age, head circumference-for-age, and weight-for-recumbent length. The growth charts for children and adolescents include weight-for-age, stature-for-age, and body mass index (BMI)-for-age. In addition, weight-for-stature charts were created for children between 77 and 121 cm in stature that are applicable primarily to children 2 to 5 years of age.7
National data collected in a series of 5 surveys between 1963 and 1994 were used to develop the 2000 CDC growth charts.7 The most recent was the NCHS/CDC Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–1994). This survey was designed as a stratified, multistage probability sample based on the selection of counties, blocks, households, and persons within households.13 Preschool-age children were oversampled for the specific purpose of revising the 1977 NCHS growth charts. Similar to the previous health examination surveys, NHANES III consisted of a home interview and a standardized physical examination conducted in a mobile examination center. The physical examination included measurements of recumbent length, stature, weight, and head circumference. Head circumference and recumbent length were measured in children younger than 4 years, and stature was measured in children 2 years and older. Infants wore diapers, and children wore paper examination gowns and foam slippers.
In the infant charts, additional data were added at birth and during the first few months of life where national data were not available. These data sources included national birth certificate data for birth weight, birth lengths recorded in Missouri and Wisconsin, head circumference at birth from the Fels Research Institute, and length data from a subset of CDC’s Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System between 0.5 and 4.5 months of age.
Two substantial data exclusions were made before specific charts were created. First, all very low birth weight infants (<1500 g) were excluded from the infant growth charts. These infants have substantially different growth patterns than normal birth weight infants, and specialized growth charts for infants with birth weight <1500 g are available.14–18 Second, all charts with weight and BMI exclude data from NHANES III for children ages 6 years and older. This exclusion was made because of the higher prevalence of overweight in this sample as compared with data from previous surveys.19 NHANES III had an unduly high influence on the curves compared with the other surveys. The NHANES III data alone shifted the upper percentiles of the weight and BMI curves, resulting in higher values for the 85th and 95th percentiles. Because the 85th percentile of BMI has been recommended as a cutoff to identify children and adolescents who are at risk for becoming overweight,20,21 the inclusion of NHANES III would lead to misclassification of overweight children as not overweight.
The smoothed percentile curves were developed in 2 stages. In the first stage, selected weighted empirical percentiles (3rd, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th, and 97th) for specific age groups were smoothed with a variety of parametric and nonparametric procedures. The 85th percentile was also smoothed in the BMI-for-age charts. In the second stage, normalized growth curves were constructed to approximate the statistically smoothed empirical percentiles. These normalized curves were calculated using a modified LMS estimation procedure. The modified LMS procedure applies the LMS technique to smoothed curves as compared with the original LMS procedure, which is applied directly to the data points. Three parameters are estimated in this technique, L (the skewness parameter in the Box-Cox transformation), M (the median), and S (the generalized coefficient of variation). Then, using the equations below, a specific percentile or z score (Z) can be obtained: \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \[X{=}M(1{+}LSZ)^{1/L}\ or\ Z{=}{\{}{[}(X/M){\ast}{\ast}L{]}{-}1{\}}/LS\ L{\neq}0\] \end{document} where X is the physical measurement (eg, weight, length, head circumference, stature, or calculated BMI value) and L, M, and S are the values from the appropriate table corresponding to the age in months (or length/stature) of the child. The percentile corresponding to the obtained z score is given in a normal distribution table (eg, Z = 0 corresponds to the 50th percentile and z = −1.645 corresponds to the 5th percentile). A detailed description of the original LMS procedure22,23 and the data and methods used to develop the 2000 CDC growth curves are available.7,24
Clinical versions of the 2000 CDC growth charts are presented in Figs 1 to 10. They include boxes for data entry and are scaled to metric units. Length-for-age and weight-for-age percentiles are displayed in Figs 1 and 2 for infant boys and girls; head circumference-for-age and weight-for-length percentiles for infant boys and girls are displayed in Figs 3 and 4. Figures 5 and 6 contain stature-for-age and weight-for-age percentiles for boys and girls ages 2 to 20 years. Figures 7 and 8 show BMI-for-age for boys and girls with the formula for calculating BMI included in the data entry box. Finally, Figs 9 and 10 contain weight-for-stature percentiles for boys and girls with statures between 77 and 121 cm. These charts are available on the Internet (http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts).
2000 CDC growth charts for the United States, length-for-age and weight-for-age percentiles, birth to 36 months, boys.
2000 CDC growth charts for the United States, length-for-age and weight-for-age percentiles, birth to 36 months, girls.
2000 CDC growth charts for the United States, head circumference-for-age and weight-for-length percentiles, birth to 36 months, boys.
2000 CDC growth charts for the United States, head circumference-for-age and weight-for-length percentiles, birth to 36 months, girls.
2000 CDC growth charts for the United States, stature-for-age and weight-for-age percentiles, 2 to 20 years, boys.
2000 CDC growth charts for the United States, stature-for-age and weight-for-age percentiles, 2 to 20 years, girls.
2000 CDC growth charts for the United States, BMI-for-age percentiles, 2 to 20 years, boys.
2000 CDC growth charts for the United States, BMI-for-age percentiles, 2 to 20 years, girls.
2000 CDC growth charts for the United States, weight-for-stature percentiles, boys.
2000 CDC growth charts for the United States, weight-for-stature percentiles, girls.
RESULTS
For demonstrating how some of the concerns about the 1977 NCHS growth charts were addressed in the revision, the 1977 NCHS and normalized 1978 CDC/WHO growth charts based on the NCHS charts were compared with the 2000 CDC growth charts. Specific issues regarding the distribution of birth weights and the disjunction between length and stature were evaluated using data from the national distribution of birth weights and NHANES III.
The analytic data set from NHANES III included measurements of 1115 children between 24 and 35.9 months of age. Of the 1281 2-year-old children examined in NHANES III, 155 were excluded because of missing values for stature, length, or weight. Eleven children were excluded because their stature and length measurements differed by ≥5 cm. In the analyses of the weight-for-length and weight-for-stature curves, another 504 children were excluded because their values fell outside the stature range of the 1977 NCHS growth charts.
SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and SUDAAN (Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC) were used to analyze the NHANES III data. All analyses included sample weights that account for the unequal probabilities of selection and nonresponse in the examination component of NHANES III. For accounting for the complex sample design, SUDAAN was used to calculate sampling errors.
Representativeness
Unlike the 1977 NCHS growth charts, the 2000 CDC growth charts for infants birth to 36 months are representative of a cross-section of children living in the United States between 1971 and 1994. Slightly more than 14% of the children included in the 2000 CDC growth charts database are black, which approximately represents the proportion of the 1980 US population of this age who were black.25 This reflects that the charts were created from nationally representative samples of infants, children, and adolescents, supplemented with data from additional sources, primarily at birth, where national survey data were absent.
Infant Feeding
Breastfed infants are included in the 2000 CDC growth charts proportional to their distribution in the US population during the past 30 years. During the past 2 decades, approximately half of US infants reportedly were breastfed; and among infants born from 1972 to 1994, approximately one-third were breastfed for at least 3 months.26 In NHANES II and III, approximately 50% of infants were ever breastfed and approximately 29% were still breastfed at 3 months. Data on breastfeeding were not available for NHANES I.
Birth Weights
The 2000 CDC growth charts more closely match the national distribution of birth weights than did the 1977 NCHS growth charts. Figures 11 and 12 show the differences between specific percentile values of the national distribution of birth weights in 1977 and the percentile values at birth from the 1977 NCHS growth charts and, similarly, the differences between the birth weight percentiles in 1998 and in the 2000 CDC growth charts for boys and girls. The 1998 national distribution of birth weights excludes very low birth weight infants (<1500 g) to be consistent with the exclusion made in the 2000 CDC growth charts. Birth weights represented in the 1977 NCHS growth charts were lower than the national birth weight distribution by >100 g at the 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles for both boys and girls. Although not shown, the differences between the birth points on the normalized CDC/WHO growth charts and the national distribution in 1977 are generally greater than the differences between the 1977 NCHS growth charts and the 1977 national distribution. Compared with the differences in 1977, the differences between the national distribution in 1998 and the 2000 CDC growth charts are generally smaller, except for the lower percentiles of girls, and more consistent. The birth weights in the 2000 CDC growth charts all are higher than the values in the 1998 national distribution. It should be noted that 1998 natality data were not used in smoothing the 2000 growth charts. Natality data from 1968 to 1980 and 1985 to 1994 were included in the construction of the 2000 CDC growth charts because these years correspond to the years in which the infants in the national surveys were born.
Differences in birth weight percentiles (g), boys; 
, 1977 natality minus 1977 NCHS growth charts; ▪, 1998 natality minus 2000 CDC growth charts.
Differences in birth weight percentiles (g), girls; 
, 1977 natality minus 1977 NCHS growth charts; ▪, 1998 natality minus 2000 CDC growth charts.
Disjunction
In the 1977 versions of the growth charts, there was a larger-than-expected disjunction between length and stature. A child’s measured length is generally greater than his or her stature; however, a child should fall at the same percentile for length as for stature. This was not true in the 1977 NCHS growth charts because there was an inconsistent relationship between the length and stature percentiles for both weight-for-length and weight-for-stature and for length-for-age and stature-for-age (Figs 13 and 14). The differences between the length and stature curves were inconsistent by age, percentile, or length values. Figure 13 shows the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles of the 1977 NCHS and 2000 CDC weight-for-length and weight-for-stature curves for girls 75 to 110 cm in length or stature. Figure 14 shows the same percentiles for the length-for-age and stature-for-age curves for girls ages 24 to 36 months. These figures demonstrate the disjunctions in the 1977 NCHS charts and a consistent 0.8-cm parallel difference in the 2000 CDC charts based on the calculated mean difference between length and stature in children 24 to 36 months of age in NHANES II and III.
1977 NCHS and 2000 CDC growth charts for girls: 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles of weight-for-length (—) and weight-for-stature (---).
1977 NCHS and 2000 CDC growth charts for girls: 5th, 50th. and 95th percentiles of length-for-age (—) and stature-for-age (---).
The disjunction between length and stature in the 1977 NCHS growth charts can also be observed by estimating the percentage of 2-year-old children in NHANES III who fall below the 5th percentile and above the 95th percentile of the weight-for-length, weight-for-stature, length-for-age, and stature-for-age growth curves. If there were no disjunction, then the percentage of children who fall below the 5th percentile would be the same using the weight-for-length and weight-for-stature or length-for-age and stature-for-age curves. This also would be true for the percentage above the 95th percentile of the length and stature curves. Tables 1 and 2 show these percentages using the 1977 NCHS and 2000 CDC growth charts.
Percentage (SE) at <5th Percentile and >95th Percentile of Weight-for-Length and Weight-for-Stature, 1977 NCHS Growth Charts and 2000 CDC Growth Charts, 2-Year-Old Children by Gender, NHANES III, 1988 to 1994
Percentage (SE) at <5th Percentile and >95th Percentile of Length-for-Age and Stature-for-Age, 1977 NCHS Growth Charts and 2000 CDC Growth Charts, 2-Year-Old Children by Gender, NHANES III, 1988 to 1994
At the low end of the distribution of weight-for-length and weight-for-stature, little variation is seen. The differences in the percentage at <5th percentile (underweight) between the weight-for-length and weight-for-stature curves for either the 1977 or 2000 growth charts are not large.
At the 95th percentile, more variation is seen. There are large differences in the proportion at >95th percentile (overweight) between the weight-for-length and weight-for-stature charts for both boys and girls using the 1977 NCHS growth charts. For 2-year-old boys in NHANES III, approximately 9% were above the 95th percentile using the weight-for-length chart, whereas approximately 4% of the same children were above the 95th percentile using the weight-for-stature chart. For 2-year-old girls, the rates were 20% and 4%, respectively. These differences do not occur using the 2000 CDC charts. In fact, in logistic regression,27 the 2000 CDC growth charts were more likely to predict accurately underweight or overweight based on weight-for-stature from underweight or overweight based on weight-for-length than the 1977 NCHS growth charts. Moreover, the large difference in prevalence of overweight by gender using the 1977 NCHS weight-for-length curve does not exist using the 2000 CDC weight-for-length curve.
Compared with weight-for-length and weight-for-stature, the 1977 disjunction between length and stature is not as striking when looking at length-for-age and stature-for-age (Table 2). The only striking differences between length-for-age and stature-for-age in the 1977 NCHS growth charts occur at the 5th percentile, where approximately 9% of 2-year-old boys from NHANES III are below the 5th percentile of length-for-age, whereas almost 5% of the same boys are below the 5th percentile of stature-for-age. For 2-year-old girls, the values were almost 11% and 6%, respectively. There is virtually no difference between length-for-age and stature-for-age at the 5th percentile using the 2000 CDC growth charts. Similar to weight-for-stature and weight-for-length, logistic regression results indicate that the same result is likely to be obtained with length-for-age and stature-for-age using the 2000 CDC growth charts, whereas different results are expected between length-for-age and stature-for-age in the 1977 NCHS growth charts.
One Version of Charts for Both Percentiles and z Scores
As described earlier, the 2000 CDC growth charts can be used to obtain both percentiles and z scores. This is a major change from the 1977 growth charts, whereby the 1977 NCHS percentiles and the normalized CDC/WHO percentiles, used to obtain z scores, sometimes produced different results. The difference between the 1977 NCHS and CDC/WHO versions was particularly evident at the 5th and 95th percentiles, where undernutrition and overnutrition are commonly identified. For example, when the CDC/WHO version was used to identify overweight, as >95th percentile of weight-for-stature, a child was more likely to be classified as overweight than if the 1977 NCHS curves were used. Figure 15 shows that the 95th percentile of the 1977 version of weight-for-stature is higher than the CDC/WHO normalized version. This is no longer a problem with the 2000 CDC growth charts because there is only 1 version of the charts.
1977 NCHS (---) and CDC/WHO normalized (—) weight-for-stature growth charts for girls, 95th percentiles.
BMI-for-Age
The 1977 NCHS and CDC/WHO growth charts did not have curves to evaluate weight as a function of stature during adolescence. The prepubescent weight-for-stature charts stopped at age 10 for girls and 11 for boys. In the 2000 CDC version, the BMI chart is available for children and adolescents 2 to 20 years of age. BMI is recommended for screening overweight in children and adolescents.20,21
DISCUSSION
The 2000 CDC growth charts are an improvement to the 1977 NCHS and normalized CDC/WHO growth charts. These charts can be found on the Internet (www.cdc.gov/growthcharts) and in CDC’s Epi Info (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA) software program, where both exact percentiles and z scores can be calculated. The Fels data used in the 1977 version have been replaced with national data, and there is only 1 version of the growth charts for calculating percentiles and z scores. Moreover, BMI-for-age is now available for ages 2 to 20 years. The clinical version of the charts presented here provides users with metric scaled charts that contain data entry boxes.
Unlike the 1977 NCHS growth charts, the 2000 CDC growth charts are based on the current mix of breastfed and formula-fed infants in the United States. Breastfed infants may grow differently from formula-fed infants in the first year of life,28–30 and current feeding recommendations advise that infants be exclusively breastfed in the early months and that partial breastfeeding continue for at least 1 year.31,32 Dewey et al33 showed that the 2000 CDC weight curve still does not correspond exactly to the weight of infants who are breastfed for at least 12 months. The mean weight of the breastfed infants was higher than the 50th percentile of the 2000 CDC growth charts before 6 months of age but below the 50th percentile after 6 months of age. Mean length, however, was very close to the 2000 CDC 50th percentile. Adequate national data do not exist for exclusively or predominantly breastfed infants, so creation of growth charts for breastfed infants is not possible. Nonetheless, the assessment of growth in breastfed infants on the 2000 CDC growth charts can be made. Clinicians may wish to take into account type of feeding when making the assessment. The WHO is currently developing growth charts for preschool-age children based on prescriptive criteria for feeding.34 Unlike the 1977 NCHS or 2000 CDC curves, the new WHO growth charts will be based on breastfed infants and will contain data from study centers in 6 countries.
There is no disjunction between weight-for-length and weight-for-stature or length-for-age and stature-for-age in the 2000 CDC growth charts. In this version, differences reflect the biological differences between recumbent length and stature. Although an individual child may be above the 95th percentile of weight-for-length but not above the 95th percentile of weight-for-stature using the 1977 curves, similar findings are much less likely using the 2000 CDC curves. Dibley et al2,3 found a disparity similar to that found in this analysis when they compared data from 2-year-old children in NHANES II with the CDC/WHO growth charts. Any differences in prevalence by gender using the 2000 CDC length and stature curves is likely to be attributable to biological differences between length and stature.
The 2000 CDC growth charts are an improvement to the 1977 NCHS growth charts. They are based on samples of children from 2 months to 20 years of age and include breastfed and formula-fed infants. The weight curves include national birth weight data, and the length curves include birth length data from 2 states. A disjunction as a result of different data sources did not occur. In addition, the overlapping portions of the curves for recumbent length and stature from 24 to 36 months of age were made parallel to each other during the smoothing process. The minimized disjunctions are attributable to inherent differences between length and stature measures.
The 2000 CDC growth charts are recommended for use in the United States. Pediatric clinics should make the transition from the 1977 NCHS to the 2000 CDC charts for routine monitoring of growth in infants, children, and adolescents.
Acknowledgments
We thank Catherine Duran and Kenneth Schoendorf, MD, for providing the national distributions of birth weights.
REFERENCES
- Copyright © 2002 by the American Academy of Pediatrics
In this issue
Jump to section
Related Articles
Cited By...
- Monitoring of metabolic adverse events of second-generation antipsychotics in a naive paediatric population followed in mental health outpatient and inpatient clinical settings: MEMAS prospective study protocol
- Machine Learning to Summarize and Provide Context for Sleep and Eating Schedules
- Albuminuria: population epidemiology and concordance in Australian children aged 11-12 years and their parents
- Growth hormone treatment of Canadian children: results from the GeNeSIS phase IV prospective observational study
- Use of Oximetry to Determine Need for Adenotonsillectomy for Sleep-Disordered Breathing
- High Blood Pressure at Early School Age Among Extreme Preterms
- Objective Sleep Characteristics and Cardiometabolic Health in Young Adolescents
- Leg lean mass correlates with exercise systemic output in young Fontan patients
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Early Childhood Obesity
- Reproductive and metabolic features during puberty in sons of women with polycystic ovary syndrome
- Tracking of BMI z Scores for Severe Obesity
- PREDICT-CP: study protocol of implementation of comprehensive surveillance to predict outcomes for school-aged children with cerebral palsy
- Body Composition in Adolescents During Treatment With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
- Effect of age and body weight on toxicity and survival in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: results from NOPHO-AML 2004
- Recent trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Canadian children
- Cow's Milk Allergy and Bone Mineral Density in Prepubertal Children
- Development of additional pituitary hormone deficiencies in pediatric patients originally diagnosed with isolated growth hormone deficiency due to organic causes
- Impact of obstructive sleep apnoea on insulin resistance in nonobese and obese children
- DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: On the need for national-, racial-, or ethnic-specific standards for the assessment of bone maturation
- Growth Charts for Children With Down Syndrome in the United States
- Body composition of children with cancer during treatment and in survivorship
- Exercise and Vascular Function in Child Obesity: A Meta-Analysis
- Association of Exposure to Di-2-Ethylhexylphthalate Replacements With Increased Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents
- Bronchial Reactivity, Inflammatory and Allergic Parameters, and Vitamin D Levels in Children With Asthma
- BMI percentile-for-age overestimates adiposity in early compared with late maturing pubertal children
- Glucose Effectiveness in Obese Children: Relation to Degree of Obesity and Dysglycemia
- Obesity Is Associated with Greater Valgus Knee Alignment in Pubertal Children, and Higher Body Mass Index Is Associated with Greater Variability in Knee Alignment in Girls
- Early Atherosclerosis Relates to Urinary Albumin Excretion and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes: Adolescent Type 1 Diabetes cardio-renal Intervention Trial (AdDIT)
- Lean mass deficits, vitamin D status and exercise capacity in children and young adults after Fontan palliation
- Differential Maternal Feeding Practices, Eating Self-Regulation, and Adiposity in Young Twins
- "Greenlight Study": A Controlled Trial of Low-Literacy, Early Childhood Obesity Prevention
- Effect of body mass in children with hematologic malignancies undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation
- Population Pharmacokinetics of Bevacizumab in Children with Osteosarcoma: Implications for Dosing
- Antioxidant Supplements Reduced Oxidative Stress and Stabilized Liver Function Tests but Did Not Reduce Inflammation in a Randomized Controlled Trial in Obese Children and Adolescents
- Dietary Phthalates and Low-Grade Albuminuria in US Children and Adolescents
- Development of additional pituitary hormone deficiencies in pediatric patients originally diagnosed with idiopathic isolated GH deficiency
- Effectiveness of Early Intensive Therapy on {beta}-Cell Preservation in Type 1 Diabetes
- Albuminuria According to Status of Autoimmunity and Insulin Sensitivity Among Youth With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
- Severe Obesity in Children and Adolescents: Identification, Associated Health Risks, and Treatment Approaches: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
- Cerebral Palsy and Growth Failure at 6 to 7 Years
- Urinary Phthalates and Increased Insulin Resistance in Adolescents
- Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness and Distensibility in Children and Adolescents: Reference Values and Role of Body Dimensions
- Eating breakfast more frequently is cross-sectionally associated with greater physical activity and lower levels of adiposity in overweight Latina and African American girls
- A weight-gain-for-gestational-age z score chart for the assessment of maternal weight gain in pregnancy
- Weight-Based Victimization: Bullying Experiences of Weight Loss Treatment-Seeking Youth
- Expected Body Weight in Adolescents: Comparison Between Weight-for-Stature and BMI Methods
- Clinical Tracking of Severely Obese Children: A New Growth Chart
- Predictors and short-term outcomes of hyperleukocytosis in children with acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group
- Effects of trimming weight-for-height data on growth-chart percentiles
- Impact of body-mass index on the outcome of adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia
- Caloric compensation and eating in the absence of hunger in 5- to 12-y-old weight-discordant siblings
- High Incidence of Vertebral Fractures in Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia 12 Months After the Initiation of Therapy
- Growing up in a domestic violence environment: relationship with developmental trajectories of body mass index during adolescence into young adulthood
- Bone Density and Cortical Structure after Pediatric Renal Transplantation
- Interpretation of Body Mass Index in Children with CKD
- Characteristics and Outcomes of Children with Primary Oxalosis Requiring Renal Replacement Therapy
- Sleep Architecture and Glucose and Insulin Homeostasis in Obese Adolescents
- Parental Perceptions of Weight Terminology That Providers Use With Youth
- Growth
- Does an intervention that improves infant sleep also improve overweight at age 6? Follow-up of a randomised trial
- A cross-sectional study of vitamin D and insulin resistance in children
- Association of DASH Diet With Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Youth With Diabetes Mellitus: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study
- Baseline leptin and leptin reduction predict improvements in metabolic variables and long-term fat loss in obese children and adolescents: a prospective study of an inpatient weight-loss program
- Osteosclerosis in two brothers with autosomal dominant pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1b: bone histomorphometric analysis
- Effects of eating breakfast compared with skipping breakfast on ratings of appetite and intake at subsequent meals in 8- to 10-y-old children
- Association of Chronic Kidney Disease with Muscle Deficits in Children
- Variation in Methods of Predicting Adult Height for Children With Idiopathic Short Stature
- Incidence and Trend of a Metabolic Syndrome Phenotype Among Tehranian Adolescents: Findings from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, 1998-2001 to 2003-2006
- Do Infants Fed From Bottles Lack Self-regulation of Milk Intake Compared With Directly Breastfed Infants?
- Predictive Value of Albuminuria in American Indian Youth With or Without Type 2 Diabetes
- High adiposity and high body mass index-for-age in US children and adolescents overall and by race-ethnic group
- The Effect of Weekend and Holiday Sleep Compensation on Childhood Overweight and Obesity
- Characterizing extreme values of body mass index-for-age by using the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts
- Family-Based Treatment of Severe Pediatric Obesity: Randomized, Controlled Trial
- Outcomes and costs of primary care surveillance and intervention for overweight or obese children: the LEAP 2 randomised controlled trial
- The Validity of BMI as an Indicator of Body Fatness and Risk Among Children
- Food Insecurity Is Not Associated with Childhood Obesity as Assessed Using Multiple Measures of Obesity
- Involuntary Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Urinary Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the United States, 1999 to 2002
- Iron supplementation of breastfed infants from an early age
- Obesity and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Prepubertal Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea
- Data Standards and Improvement of Quality and Safety in Child Health Care
- Reversal of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Improvements in Cardiovascular Risk Factors After Surgical Weight Loss in Adolescents
- Duration of lack of money for basic needs and growth delay in the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development birth cohort
- Food Security, Maternal Stressors, and Overweight Among Low-Income US Children: Results From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2002)