Characteristics of Study Population by Race/Ethnicity
| Total (N = 863)a | Race/Ethnicity | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hispanic (N = 430) | White (N = 153) | Black (N = 236) | Other (N = 44) | |||
| Child characteristics | ||||||
| Age, mo, mean (SD) | 2.1 (0.4) | 2.1 (0.4) | 2.1 (0.4) | 2.2 (0.4) | 2.1 (0.3) | .4 |
| Gender, girl | 443 (51.3) | 214 (49.8) | 76 (49.7) | 129 (54.7) | 24 (54.5) | .6 |
| Out of home child care, anyb | 79 (9.2) | 26 (6.1) | 18 (12.0) | 34 (14.4) | 1 (2.3) | <.001 |
| WIC status,c any | 729 (85.2) | 389 (90.9) | 96 (64.0) | 216 (92.3) | 28 (63.6) | <.001 |
| Insuranced | <.001 | |||||
| Medicaid | 735 (85.6) | 381 (88.8) | 110 (73.3) | 215 (91.1) | 29 (65.9) | — |
| Private (any) | 97 (11.3) | 31 (7.2) | 35 (23.3) | 19 (7.6) | 13 (29.5) | — |
| None | 27 (3.1) | 17 (4.0) | 5 (3.3) | 3 (1.3) | 2 (4.5) | — |
| Parent characteristics | ||||||
| Age,e years, mean (SD) | 27.6 (6.2) | 28.2 (5.9) | 26.7 (5.7) | 26.6 (6.3) | 30.0 (6.4) | <.001 |
| Relationship to child | .3 | |||||
| Mother | 825 (95.6) | 413 (96.0) | 148 (96.7) | 226 (95.8) | 38 (86.4) | — |
| Father | 36 (4.2) | 16 (3.7) | 5 (3.3) | 9 (3.8) | 6 (13) | — |
| Other | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | — |
| Non-US bornb | 438 (51.0) | 356 (83.0) | 21 (14.0) | 31 (13.1) | 30 (68.2) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicityf | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Hispanic | 430 (49.8) | — | — | — | — | — |
| White, non-Hispanic | 153 (17.7) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 236 (27.3) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Other, non-Hispanic | 44 (5.1) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Spanish languageg | 302 (35.1) | 302 (70.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | <.001 |
| Educationh | <.001 | |||||
| Less than high school | 225 (26.2) | 176 (40.0) | 13 (8.7) | 35 (14.9) | 1 (2.3) | — |
| HS graduate/General Educational Development | 280 (32.6) | 129 (30.1) | 44 (29.3) | 101 (43.0) | 6 (13.6) | — |
| Some college | 200 (23.3) | 68 (15.9) | 51 (34.0) | 66 (28.1) | 15 (34.1) | — |
| College or greater | 153 (17.8) | 56 (13.1) | 42 (28.0) | 33 (14.0) | 22 (50.0) | — |
| Household characteristics | ||||||
| Household incomei | <.001 | |||||
| <$10 000 | 265 (32.0) | 149 (35.9) | 18 (12.4) | 86 (38.4) | 12 (27.9) | — |
| $10 000–19 999 | 228 (27.6) | 133 (32.0) | 32 (22.1) | 59 (26.3) | 4 (9.3) | — |
| $20 000–39 999 | 202 (24.4) | 89 (21.4) | 46 (31.7) | 57 (25.4) | 10 (23.3) | — |
| $40 000 or more | 132 (16.0) | 44 (10.6) | 49 (33.8) | 22 (9.8) | 17 (39.5) | — |
| Children in householdb (<18 years) | <.001 | |||||
| 1 child | 342 (39.8) | 149 (34.7) | 77 (51.3) | 89 (37.7) | 27 (61.4) | — |
| 2 or more children | 517 (60.2) | 280 (65.3) | 73 (48.7) | 147 (62.3) | 17 (38.6) | — |
| Site characteristics | ||||||
| Site name | <.001 | |||||
| University of Miami | 149 (17.3) | 75 (17.4) | 7 (4.6) | 55 (23.3) | 12 (27.3) | — |
| University of North Carolina– Chapel Hill | 255 (29.5) | 97 (22.6) | 61 (39.9) | 85 (36.0) | 12 (27.3) | — |
| Vanderbilt University | 230 (26.7) | 78 (18.1) | 70 (45.8) | 74 (31.4) | 8 (18.2) | — |
| New York University | 229 (26.5) | 180 (41.9) | 15 (9.8) | 22 (9.3) | 12 (27.3) | — |
Data presented as N (%) except as noted.
↵a After accounting for 2 subjects missing race/ethnicity.
↵b Missing for 7 subjects.
↵c Child or mother participating in WIC program; missing for 10 subjects.
↵d Child with any private insurance categorized as private; missing for 7 subjects.
↵e Missing for 6 subjects.
↵f Missing for 3 subjects.
↵g Parent answered Spanish questionnaires as opposed to English questionnaires.
↵h Missing for 8 subjects.
↵i Missing for 39 subjects.