PEDIATRICS Vol. 123 Supplement June 2009, pp. S308-S316 (doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2780J)
SUPPLEMENT ARTICLE |
Small Steps to Health: Building Sustainable Partnerships in Pediatric Obesity Care
a Department of Clinical Nutrition
e Division of General Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle Washington
b National Initiative for Children's Healthcare Quality, Cambridge, Massachusetts
c Public Health–Seattle & King County, Seattle, Washington
d Departments of Medicine
f Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A SOLUTIONA LOCAL OPPORTUNITY TO...MULTILEVEL/CROSS-SECTOR APPROACH...CLINIC-LEVEL QI WORKCOMMUNITY-LEVEL WORKPOLICY-LEVEL WORKNEXT STEPSCONCLUSIONSREFERENCES |
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BACKGROUND. Given the prevalence of childhood obesity and the limited support for preventing and managing obesity in primary care settings, the Seattle Children's Hospital's Children's Obesity Action Team has partnered with Steps to Health King County to develop a pediatric obesity quality-improvement project.
METHODS. Primary care clinics joined year-long quality-improvement collaboratives to integrate obesity prevention and management into the clinic setting by using the chronic-disease model. Sustainability was enhanced through integration at multiple levels by emphasizing small, consistent behavior changes and self-regulation of eating/feeding practices with children, teenagers, and families; building local community partnerships; and encouraging broader advocacy and policy change. Cultural competency and attention to disparities were integrated into quality-improvement efforts.
RESULTS. Participating clinics were able to increase BMI measurement and weight classification; integrate management of overweight/obese children and family and self-management support; and grow community collaborations. Over the course of 4 years, this project grew from a local effort involving 3 clinics to a statewide program recently adopted by the Washington State Department of Health.
CONCLUSIONS. This model can be used by other states/regions to develop pediatric obesity quality-improvement programs to support the assessment, prevention, and management of childhood obesity. Furthermore, these health care efforts can be integrated into broader community-wide childhood-obesity action plans.
Key Words: overweight • obesity • quality improvement • child • primary care • chronic care model • community oriented primary care
Abbreviations: COAT—Children's Obesity Action Team • STEPS—Steps to Health King County • QI—quality improvement • NICHQ—National Initiative of Children's Healthcare Quality • CHIC—Children's Health Improvement Collaborative • CDEMS—Chronic Disease Electronic Management System
Over the past 3 decades, the childhood-obesity rate has more than doubled for preschool-aged children and adolescents and more than tripled for school-aged children. Minorities have been disproportionately affected. Approximately 25% of black and Hispanic children are above the 95th BMI percentile for age.1–3 The dramatic increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity and its resultant comorbidities is associated with significant health and financial burdens that warrant strong and comprehensive prevention efforts.
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RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A SOLUTION |
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TOPABSTRACTRECOMMENDATIONS FOR A SOLUTIONA LOCAL OPPORTUNITY TO...MULTILEVEL/CROSS-SECTOR APPROACH...CLINIC-LEVEL QI WORKCOMMUNITY-LEVEL WORKPOLICY-LEVEL WORKNEXT STEPSCONCLUSIONSREFERENCES |
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The US Institute of Medicine report for preventing childhood obesity4 recommended that organizations at multiple levels (federal, national, statewide, and local) take action to address the complex interactions across social, environmental, and policy contexts that influence childhood obesity. Notably, community-engagement and grass-roots efforts were highlighted to build effective coalitions and programs for community-wide interventions, particularly in high-risk populations. In the health care sector, the Institute of Medicine recommended that health care professionals routinely track BMI in children and youth and offer appropriate counseling and guidance to children and their families and, at the same time, asked parents and families to engage in and promote more healthful dietary intakes and active lifestyles. Moreover, prevention efforts must be attentive to culture, language, and inequities in social, economic, and physical environments and should be targeted to reach high-risk populations.
Reversing these trends requires changes in individual and family behavior and making environments that support healthier lifestyle choices. In particular, primary care practices can have an important role in promoting preventive measures and encouraging positive lifestyle behaviors and by identifying and treating obesity and related comorbidities. However, despite the magnitude of pediatric obesity, providers struggle with how best to communicate and intervene with families who are faced with issues of overweight.4,5 In addition, providers are often isolated from the broader community context. There are advantages of connecting the two. For example, "community-oriented primary care" blends principles of public health and primary care and emphasizes that clinical responsibility goes beyond the individual and family to the broader community. This approach has resulted in collaborative programs of intervention and prevention in service delivery not always achieved by primary care providers.6,7 Finding ways to engage primary care providers with community partners strengthens both the community contribution to pediatric obesity management and the primary care providers' contributions to community-based obesity-prevention efforts.
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A LOCAL OPPORTUNITY TO IMPROVE CARE |
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TOPABSTRACTRECOMMENDATIONS FOR A SOLUTIONA LOCAL OPPORTUNITY TO...MULTILEVEL/CROSS-SECTOR APPROACH...CLINIC-LEVEL QI WORKCOMMUNITY-LEVEL WORKPOLICY-LEVEL WORKNEXT STEPSCONCLUSIONSREFERENCES |
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Within the context of a 2002 statewide plan to improve physical activity and nutrition within Washington State, Seattle Children's Hospital in Seattle, Washington, partnered with several local groups including Public Health–Seattle & King County to address childhood obesity.
Children's Obesity Action Team
At Children's Hospital, a group of professionals representing various disciplines and services formed the Children's Obesity Action Team (COAT) in 2002. COAT is dedicated to the research and development of culturally responsive and developmentally appropriate resources for youth, families, and providers to decrease childhood overweight and obesity. The philosophy of the COAT is based on the principles of promoting self-regulatory skills around eating, activity, and emotions in the context of the socioecological model of health. On the basis of initial needs assessments with providers (n = 54), parents (n = 78), and teenagers (n = 32), COAT developed a vision of linked resources to prevent, assess/identify, and address pediatric obesity: (1) community-based programs and partnerships (including advocacy); (2) primary care providers/practices; and (3) an evidence-based clinical program at Children's Hospital. This vision led to the development of age-specific healthy eating/activity information for families, a community-based healthy-lifestyle program developed in partnership with the YMCA of Greater Seattle for overweight/obese youth aged 8 to 14 and their parents, and training for providers to increase their effectiveness in promoting healthy lifestyles, addressing pediatric obesity including motivation interviewing skill building. Motivational interviewing has been described as a skillful clinical style for eliciting from patients their own motivations for making behavior changes in the interest of their health.8 Partnering with Steps to Health King County provided a unique opportunity to merge our common interests in improving chronic-disease management of pediatric obesity within primary care practice.
Steps to Health King County
In 2003, Public Health–Seattle & King County and multiple community partners received funding from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to develop the Steps to Health King County (STEPS) program.9 This program funds states, cities, and tribal entities to implement community-based chronic-disease prevention efforts that are focused on reducing the burden of obesity, diabetes, and asthma and addressing 3 related risk factors: physical inactivity, poor nutrition, and tobacco use.
The STEPS program is working to build healthier communities (in 6 contiguous cities in south Seattle and in southwest King County) by working with a consortium of 75 members representing schools, health care providers, hospitals, health plans, clinics, universities, work sites, community-based organizations, faith-based groups, government agencies, and community leaders. Programmatic efforts are focused on people who are most affected by chronic diseases, including racial/ethnic minorities (Vietnamese and Spanish-speaking communities are a special focus), and people who live below the federal poverty line. One key aspect of the STEPS program is engaging the health care sector in chronic-care management and improvement of quality of care through chronic disease/wellness coordinators and quality-improvement (QI) collaboratives.
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MULTILEVEL/CROSS-SECTOR APPROACH DEVELOPED |
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The socioecological model as applied to obesity recognizes that an individual's eating and activity behaviors are multifaceted and are part of a much larger social context that influence behavior. Changes in individual health behaviors require supportive changes at many other levels including family, institutions (such as health care settings and schools), community, and public policy.10,11 Using this model, we designed a clinic-based QI project that integrated and supported change at these multiple levels.
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CLINIC-LEVEL QI WORK |
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TOPABSTRACTRECOMMENDATIONS FOR A SOLUTIONA LOCAL OPPORTUNITY TO...MULTILEVEL/CROSS-SECTOR APPROACH...CLINIC-LEVEL QI WORKCOMMUNITY-LEVEL WORKPOLICY-LEVEL WORKNEXT STEPSCONCLUSIONSREFERENCES |
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A QI and chronic-disease management initiative was created through a partnership among 3 local health care organizations, all with leadership in the community and experience with diverse populations. Program goals included (1) improving clinical outcomes, (2) provider training, (3) expanding registries, (4) enhancing communication between hospitals, primary care providers, and health plans, and (5) implementing health system policies to address cultural competence. The initiative's work related to pediatric obesity has been a multiphased project.
The first phase (Table 1) began in 2005–2006 as a pilot learning collaborative named "Small Steps to Health." Three primary care clinics primarily serving minorities, immigrants, and non–English-speaking families participated. Partnering with the clinic teams, Children's Hospital COAT faculty (clinical nurse specialist, master's level registered dietician, and physician) provided oversight and technical assistance for improvement activities with National Initiative of Children's Healthcare Quality (NICHQ) QI advisors. In the second phase (2006–2007), experience gained from the pilot program was integrated into a statewide collaborative named the Children's Health Improvement Collaborative (CHIC). Multiple agencies partnered with 5 Medicaid managed care plans to support 20 medical practices participating in this QI project. Eight clinics from western Washington worked on improving care for pediatric obesity. In 2008, the CHIC joined the Washington State Collaborative to Improve Health, which has supported long-standing adult diabetes and cardiovascular health collaboratives.
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Methods/Description of QI Work
Using the model for improvement and the chronic-care model,12–14 participating practices integrated changes within their clinic system to improve the assessment, prevention, and management of pediatric obesity. Key evidence-based messages (eg, daily breakfast, 5 servings of fruit/vegetables per day, <2 hours screen time, >1 hour physical activity, limit sugar-sweetened beverages) were used for this effort and were translated into several languages (Spanish, Vietnamese, and Somali). Key changes and a change toolkit (Appendixes 1 and 2) were modified to reflect the COAT's goals and philosophy, with permission from the Maine Youth Overweight Collaborative and Kaiser Permanente.
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During each of the year-long collaboratives, clinics worked to improve care for pediatric obesity through three 8-hour learning sessions, monthly conference calls, and coaching and support as needed. Unique to the current Washington State collaborative is the use of intensive QI coaching with each participating practice, including 3 site visits and additional calls. The initial site visit before starting the learning sessions included preparation for using a registry, establishing a pilot population, and clinical assessment of some basic processes of care. Follow-up site visits were focused on specific clinical or QI needs.
Learning sessions for each collaborative included core content and also addressed needs expressed by the participating practices (Table 2). For example, providers requested additional support in counseling parents who restricted food for themselves and their overweight/obese children and teenagers. Birch et al15 (2003) have shown that children brought up with restrictive eating or feeding practices can end up eating in the absence of hunger or overeating. Dieting by teenagers may also lead to dysregulation around eating and promote additional issues of binge eating and increased BMI.16 Given this research, along with clinical experience, counseling advice shared with the providers included regular provision of meals and snacks (not skipping meals), avoiding constant grazing, and the division of responsibility in feeding. These 3 concepts may ultimately allow a child or teenager to develop the ability to eat when hungry and stop when satisfied most of the time.17,18 In addition, parenting skills were emphasized to promote self-regulation around eating. Of note, a more authoritative parent style (warm, responsive, and appropriately demanding) is less likely to be related to restrictive feeding practices and an increased incidence of overweight.19–21
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In addition, issues of cultural competency and disparities (particularly socioeconomic) with regard to childhood obesity were addressed. Topics included access to healthy foods and activities, food insecurity, neighborhood safety, and costs associated with physical activity participation. Teams were encouraged to identify race/ethnicity and language preference in addition to obesity-related measures. Discussion about how to talk about obesity within the context of different racial/ethnic groups and cultural perceptions of what is "healthy" or "overweight" were integrated into BMI measurement and weight classification.
Measures
These 3 obesity collaboratives required monthly measures (Table 3). The main outcome measures were the percentage of overweight and obese patients. Required process measures included percentage of patients with BMI measured, weight classification, receiving healthy-lifestyle messages, assessment of readiness to change and/or self-management goal, documented race/ethnicity, and planned follow-up. Clinical teams reviewed 
20 charts per month to assess their progress with the measures. Results of measures were pooled over the course of the action periods.
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One notable addition to the third collaborative was the required use of a registry. This collaborative requires clinical teams to enter patient data into a registry before the first learning session. One registry option is the Chronic Disease Electronic Management System (CDEMS), a publicly available (www.cdems.com) software application developed by the Washington State Diabetes Prevention and Control Program in 2002. The CDEMS is a Microsoft (Redmond, WA) Access database application designed to assist medical providers and management in tracking the care of patients with chronic health conditions. The CDEMS is precoded to track diabetes, asthma, and adult preventive health but has been customized for use in pediatric obesity. Printed progress notes, patient lists, and summary reports generated from the registry database can support and measure QI efforts.
Outcomes
Throughout the course of the collaborative, medical practices demonstrated improvement in several outcome measurements including BMI measurement and classification, provision of healthy messages, increased follow-up, and referrals (Fig 1). Teams demonstrated increased engagement in all aspects of the chronic-disease model (Fig 2).
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The following examples highlight the breadth of change experienced within the practices.
- One rural clinic developed a model in which children were referred to a nurse educator for counseling after assessment of overweight/obesity by their provider. Using the principles of division of responsibility and self-regulation, the nurse educator was able to support families struggling with feeding/eating issues. Their clinic was chosen from more than 80 proposals to present at the NICHQ 2008 Childhood Obesity Congress.
- One urban clinic in Seattle hired a nutritionist onto its staff who has provided individualized and regular group nutrition classes. This clinic is also working with other community organizations and community-supported agriculture to explore the issue of food insecurity and access to healthy foods.
- One large private pediatric group developed a healthy-lifestyle program for its clinical network.
Although these process measures are indicative of providers adopting obesity-prevention and -management recommendations, changes in patient BMIs and/or population overweight/obesity rates over time are clearly needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of these collaboratives. However, given the limited time frame of each collaborative phase (1 year), practices were only able to establish registries and begin to track individual BMIs. Also, with only a limited number of practices in the collaboratives, changes at county-based rates of overweight/obesity could not be attributed exclusively to the collaboratives.
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COMMUNITY-LEVEL WORK |
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TOPABSTRACTRECOMMENDATIONS FOR A SOLUTIONA LOCAL OPPORTUNITY TO...MULTILEVEL/CROSS-SECTOR APPROACH...CLINIC-LEVEL QI WORKCOMMUNITY-LEVEL WORKPOLICY-LEVEL WORKNEXT STEPSCONCLUSIONSREFERENCES |
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Primary care practices were encouraged to build community linkages and engage with community partners. Each collaborative invited a panel of community-based organizations (physical activity, school, faith-based) to present its programs/resources to the clinic teams. In addition, providers from previous and ongoing collaboratives could share community partnership successes with each other at learning sessions.
Participation in the STEPS program offered many opportunities to enhance established partnerships by connecting organizations/agencies and improving access to community resources for patients. For example, Children's Hospital had previously partnered with the YMCA of Greater Seattle to create the Strong Kids Strong Teens program, an 18-week community-based healthy-lifestyle program on nutrition, physical activity, and self-empowerment for overweight/obese youth (aged 8–14) and their parents. Funding from the STEPS program supported the ongoing availability of this program in high-need communities and enhanced recruitment and expansion. Collaborative practices used Strong Kids Strong Teens in communities where the program was available.
Pediatric practices built creative community partnerships by identifying resources and gaps and brainstorming solutions to promote healthy lifestyles for the families they served. For example, one family health clinic established a pool program, "Dive Into Health," with a local pool. Another created a resource directory on available physical-activity programs including scholarships and available bus services. One clinic started "Shop Arounds," tours at local grocery stores that support families to read nutrition labels, make healthier food choices, etc. The Shop Arounds were later adopted by an urban community into its healthy eating/activity plan with trainings for volunteers, public health nurses, and nutritionists to ensure sustainability. Models started within these collaboratives have been replicated by health care clinics and community organizations beyond STEPS partners.
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POLICY-LEVEL WORK |
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TOPABSTRACTRECOMMENDATIONS FOR A SOLUTIONA LOCAL OPPORTUNITY TO...MULTILEVEL/CROSS-SECTOR APPROACH...CLINIC-LEVEL QI WORKCOMMUNITY-LEVEL WORKPOLICY-LEVEL WORKNEXT STEPSCONCLUSIONSREFERENCES |
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Policy work and system change were fundamental components of the 3 collaboratives. This work included leveraging resources to target policy change in the broader community as well as within STEPS organizations. Some of the work was focused on encouraging providers to advocate for formal policy change. Clinicians within the collaboratives were oriented to local/statewide advocacy opportunities such as school-based efforts of the Washington Action for Healthy Kids and encouraged to engage in advocacy around childhood obesity. Other work was focused on procedure and process change in chronic care within their particular clinics.
Some clinic staff became engaged in local policy action and provided testimonies, spoke at local forums, or attended community and school board meetings. Clinic nutritionists also served on school nutrition advisory boards to provide support for improvements in the school menus. Partnerships were also forged with local and state coalitions/workgroups advocating for improved nutrition and physical activity and obesity prevention/management such as the Action for Healthy Kids school-based efforts and the King County Food and Fitness Initiative funded by the Kellogg Foundation to improve access to healthy foods and activities. Children's Hospital collaborated on broader health- and safety-promotion efforts with Harborview Medical Center and Public Health Seattle & King County for a variety of active-living initiatives (walking school bus project, safe playgrounds, bike helmet usage).
To lay the foundation for future health policy change, keeping Department of Social and Health Services (DSHS) and other health plans abreast of the QI work was essential throughout this 3-phased project. By attending learning sessions, plan representatives observed teams' efforts in implementing obesity assessment and management into the clinical setting, including registry development such as CDEMS. Maintaining communication regarding collaborative outcomes with partnering health plans and DSHS will also help to encourage their adoption of incentives for medical practices that incorporate these obesity QI activities.
Finally, expanding childhood-obesity QI into Washington State's Department of Health's statewide effort optimized the dissemination of this model to other clinics. This spread will help to achieve the long range goal of creating an integrated approach to the prevention and management of pediatric obesity throughout all clinical practices in Washington State.
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NEXT STEPS |
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TOPABSTRACTRECOMMENDATIONS FOR A SOLUTIONA LOCAL OPPORTUNITY TO...MULTILEVEL/CROSS-SECTOR APPROACH...CLINIC-LEVEL QI WORKCOMMUNITY-LEVEL WORKPOLICY-LEVEL WORKNEXT STEPSCONCLUSIONSREFERENCES |
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Although the clinics participating in the collaboratives made significant progress in the assessment, management, and prevention of obesity, there are still several issues to be addressed. Reimbursement for management of obesity and its consequences continues to be a work in progress. COAT members have drafted an obesity benefit package with Medicaid. Piloting of this benefit package is being considered and would permit tracking and capturing of some initial data to help to move this issue forward. Furthermore, continued efforts are needed to support providers, particularly around motivational interviewing and other effective counseling techniques, promoting the concept around self-regulation, and incentivizing/rewarding clinics that are engaged in childhood-obesity prevention and management.
Significant local and statewide policy changes are needed to support families in healthy eating and activity. Although efforts can be made in the medical setting to evaluate, educate, and counsel, strong advocacy is needed to build a supportive environment and culture with access to healthy foods and active communities to sustain these healthy behaviors. Clinic staff can play a significant role in advocating for policy change through their testimony, speaking at local forums, and participating in workgroups or committees at the school, community, or state level. This engagement will help to shape the policy agenda and leverage change. Until these changes are made, families (particularly low-income families) will continue to struggle with food insecurity, unsafe playgrounds, and other obesogenic environmental factors.
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CONCLUSIONS |
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TOPABSTRACTRECOMMENDATIONS FOR A SOLUTIONA LOCAL OPPORTUNITY TO...MULTILEVEL/CROSS-SECTOR APPROACH...CLINIC-LEVEL QI WORKCOMMUNITY-LEVEL WORKPOLICY-LEVEL WORKNEXT STEPSCONCLUSIONSREFERENCES |
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We have described a multiphased childhood-obesity QI program that developed from a partnership between a children's hospital and local health department through funding from the STEPS program to HealthierUS. From the clinicians' perspective, systematic change within their practices has established a more comprehensive and outcome-based approach to obesity prevention, identification, and management. Engagement with community partners improved access to community-based resources/programs and built coalitions to work toward policy change.
By engaging primary care clinics in supporting families to make healthier choices, connecting with community resources, and taking action in broader community efforts, the health care sector can play its role in sustainable change to prevent and decrease childhood obesity.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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Funding for this project was provided by Acumentra Health, Washington State Department of Social and Health Services, and Steps to a Healthier US grant to Public Health–Seattle & King County (DHHS U58/CCU023330). We would also like to acknowledge and thank the clinical teams that participated in these collaboratives.
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FOOTNOTES |
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Accepted Feb 18, 2009.
Address correspondence to Lenna L. Liu, MD, MPH, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Metropolitan Park West, 8th Floor, 1100 Olive Way, Suite 500, Mail Stop 8-1, Seattle, WA 98101. E-mail: lennall{at}u.washington.edu
The authors have indicated they have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose.
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PEDIATRICS (ISSN 1098-4275). ©2009 by the American Academy of Pediatrics
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