Published online January 3, 2006
PEDIATRICS Vol. 117 No. 2 February 2006, pp. e333-e335 (doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1388)
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow E-mail this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My File Cabinet
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via CrossRef
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Daana, M.
Right arrow Articles by Perles, Z.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Daana, M.
Right arrow Articles by Perles, Z.
Related Collections
Right arrow Heart & Blood Vessels
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Facebook   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?

Symptomatic Myocardial Bridging in a Child Without Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Muhannad Daana, MDa, Isaiah Wexler, MD, PhDa, Eli Milgalter, MDb, Azaria J.J.T. Rein, MDc and Zeev Perles, MDc

a Departments of Pediatrics-Mount Scopus
b Cardiothoracic Surgery
c Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
CASE REPORT
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Myocardial bridging (MB) is a rare coronary anomaly in children that is typically associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or left ventricular hypertrophy. Several reports, mainly in adults, have suggested an association between MB and sudden death or ischemia without other cardiac abnormalities. In this report, we describe an 11-year-old girl with syncope and manifestations of cardiac ischemia associated with MB of the middle segment of the left anterior descending artery. The coronary anomaly was not associated with left ventricular hypertrophy. Surgical unroofing of the affected coronary artery segment resulted in complete recovery. MB should be included in the differential diagnosis of children presenting with syncope and signs of ischemia even in the absence of ventricular hypertrophy.

Key Words: myocardial bridging • coronary artery • hypertrophic cardiomyopathy • syncope

Abbreviations: MB, myocardial bridging

Systolic compression of the epicardial coronary arteries embedded by overlying myocardial tissue is known as myocardial bridging (MB). MB is often an incidental finding in adults. Childhood MB; however; is almost always associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or left ventricular hypertrophy and has been strongly related to sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients.1 Isolated myocardial bridges have been found at autopsy in adolescents who had cardiac arrest during strenuous physical activity.2,3

Here we describe an 11-year-old girl who presented with syncope and ischemic symptoms and was subsequently diagnosed as having an isolated MB in the left anterior descending coronary artery that was not associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The MB was repaired surgically, and the child has remained symptom-free.


   CASE REPORT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 CASE REPORT
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
A previously healthy 11-year-old female of Arabic descent presented with recurrent episodes of syncope on exertion. The episodes lasted for up to 5 minutes and were associated with retrosternal chest pain, palpitations, anxiety, and dyspnea. Physical examination revealed a thin girl in no distress with normal vital signs. The cardiac examination was normal. Laboratory workup did not reveal anemia or electrolyte abnormalities. The electrocardiogram on admission demonstrated normal sinus rhythm, a short PR interval (80 milliseconds), and no electrocardiographic signs of hypertrophy, ischemia, or a prolonged QTc interval. There were nonspecific ST-T wave changes in the lateral leads. Echocardiography revealed normal cardiac and coronary anatomy. Ventricular size and function were within normal limits. During hospitalization, the patient had 2 witnessed episodes of syncope during ambulation. A 24-hour electrocardiographic evaluation revealed severe (8-mm) ST-segment depressions during ambulation and other strenuous activities. An exercise stress test, based on the Bruce protocol, was discontinued after 3 minutes because of septolateral ST-segment depressions with inverted T waves.

Dobutamine stress echocardiography induced ischemic symptoms, severe ST depression in V2, and hypokinesia of the septal wall and apical region. Thallium scintigraphy showed severe dipyridamole-induced ST depression and mild anterior wall hypoperfusion. Based on these findings, the patient underwent cardiac catheterization, which revealed a 14-mm-long MB at the midsegment of the left anterior descending artery with a positive milking effect of ~80% systolic compression (Fig 1). Based on these data, the severity of obstruction was grade 5 according to Angelini's MB grading of 1 to 5.4 The patient continued to have ischemic manifestations and syncopal attacks despite medical treatment that included reduced physical activity and the administration of ß-adrenergic and calcium channel blockers.


Figure 1
View larger version (144K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 1 Cardiac angiography. A, Compression of the mid–left anterior descending artery during systole (arrow). B, Same segment during diastole (arrow).

 
The child underwent surgery, during which the midsegment of the left anterior descending artery was noted to be embedded in the myocardium and was surgically unroofed (Fig. 2). There were no postoperative complications. Repeat stress test and electrocardiogram showed resolution of exercise and stress-induced ischemic changes. The girl remained symptom-free 24 months postoperatively.


Figure 2
View larger version (137K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 2 Myocardial bridge. Mid–left anterior descending artery embedded by muscle (arrow) before surgical unroofing.

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 CASE REPORT
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
MB occurs when a band of myocardial muscle fibers overlies a segment of the coronary artery, which results in mechanical stenosis secondary to systolic compression. The reported prevalence of MB at autopsies varies from 5% to 86%, the large variation being the result of differences in classification and/or methods of evaluation.4–6 Angiographically, the incidence of MB is <2% in the general adult population.1 It is seen most commonly in the middle segment of the left anterior descending artery.7

Descriptions of bridging in children are rare, and its prevalence in the normal pediatric population is unknown. Nearly all reports of MB in children occur in association with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, with an incidence of 28% among children with diagnosed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.1 There is an ongoing debate whether hypertrophic cardiomyopathy–associated MB is an independent risk factor for ischemia and sudden cardiac death in children or simply an indicator of the severity of left ventricular hypertrophy. Yetman et al1,8 showed a strong independent relationship between MB and either chest pain, history of cardiac arrest, or reduced exercise capacity. Children with combined hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and MB had a worse prognosis as compared with those with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy alone.1 Surgical unroofing of the MB often results in clinical improvement.9 On the other hand, Mohiddin et al10 demonstrated that MB does not result in myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias, and/or sudden death in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. They suggested that cardiac surgery is not indicated for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy–associated MB, and medical therapy may provide adequate antiischemic therapy. Still, small series and case reports have offered compelling evidence for an association of MB and sudden death or myocardial infarction in children and young adults.11–13 For example, Hillman et al14 reported a 10-year-old boy with MB of the left anterior descending artery who presented with a history of exertional chest pain, syncope, and evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiogram. The patient underwent successful supraarterial decompression myotomy. Downar et al9 reported 5 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and MB in whom symptoms or evidence of myocardial ischemia resolved or improved after supraarterial myotomy.

This case is unique because the patient presented at a relative young age with symptomatic MB without associated left ventricular hypertrophy or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. We conclude that MB can be a risk factor for serious cardiac events in the form of anginal symptoms, myocardial ischemia, recurrent syncopal attacks, and reduced capabilities to exercise in children. Despite MB being rare in children, this entity should be considered in any child who presents with clinical or electrophysiologic manifestations that are consistent with myocardial ischemia. Because the defect is primarily mechanical, decompression surgery may be necessary to relieve the pressure on the compressed segment of the coronary artery, especially when the response to medical therapy is suboptimal.


   FOOTNOTES
 
Accepted Aug 9, 2005.

Address correspondence to Zeev Perles, MD, Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Hadassah-Ein Kerem, POB 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel. E-mail: zperles{at}hadassah.org.il

The authors have indicated they have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose.


   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 CASE REPORT
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 

  1. Yetman AT, McCrindle BW, MacDonald C, Freedom RM, Gow R. Myocardial bridging in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a risk factor for sudden death. N Engl J Med. 1998;339 :1201 –1209[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  2. Chiappa E, Vineis C. Sudden death during a game of soccer in a young adolescent with a myocardial muscle bridge [in Italian]. G Ital Cardiol. 1993;23 :473 –477[Medline]
  3. Corrado D, Thiene G, Cocco P, Frescura C. Non-atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and sudden death in the young. Br Heart J. 1992;68 :601 –607[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Angelini P, Trivellato M, Donis J, Leachman RD. Myocardial bridges: a review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1983;26 :75 –88[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  5. Kramer JR, Kitazume H, Proudfit WL, Sones FM Jr. Clinical significance of isolated coronary bridges: benign and frequent condition involving the left anterior descending artery. Am Heart J. 1982;103 :283 –288.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  6. Mohlenkamp S, Hort W, Ge J, Erbel R. Update on myocardial bridging. Circulation. 2002;106 :2616 –2622[Free Full Text]
  7. Kalaria VG, Koradia N, Breall JA. Myocardial bridge: a clinical review. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2002;57 :552 –556[Medline]
  8. McCrindle BW, Yetman AT. Myocardial bridging of the left anterior descending coronary artery in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38 :921 –922[Free Full Text]
  9. Downar J, Williams WG, McDonald C, Wigle ED, McCrindle BW. Outcomes after "unroofing" of a myocardial bridge of the left anterior descending coronary artery in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pediatr Cardiol. 2004;25 :390 –393[Medline]
  10. Mohiddin SA, Begley D, Shih J, Fananapazir L. Myocardial bridging does not predict sudden death in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy but is associated with more severe cardiac disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36 :2270 –2278[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Faruqui AM, Maloy WC, Felner JM, Schlant RC, Logan WD, Symbas P. Symptomatic myocardial bridging of coronary artery. Am J Cardiol. 1978;41 :1305 –1310[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
  12. Morales AR, Romanelli R, Boucek RJ. The mural left anterior descending coronary artery, strenuous exercise and sudden death. Circulation. 1980;62 :230 –237[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Basso C, Corrado D, Thiene G. Cardiovascular causes of sudden death in young individuals including athletes. Cardiol Rev. 1999;7 :127 –135[Medline]
  14. Hillman ND, Mavroudis C, Backer CL, Duffy CE. Supraarterial decompression myotomy for myocardial bridging in a child. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68 :244 –246[Abstract/Free Full Text]
PEDIATRICS (ISSN 1098-4275). ©2006 by the American Academy of Pediatrics

Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Facebook Facebook   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter    What's this?



This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow E-mail this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My File Cabinet
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via CrossRef
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Daana, M.
Right arrow Articles by Perles, Z.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Daana, M.
Right arrow Articles by Perles, Z.
Related Collections
Right arrow Heart & Blood Vessels
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Facebook   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?