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* Office of Statistics and Programming, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONREFERENCES |
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14 years old and to examine the circumstances under which these injuries occurred. Methods. For nonfatal FA injuries among children, we analyzed data on emergency department (ED) visits from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System for 1993 through 2000. National estimates of injured children who were treated in hospital EDs were examined by selected characteristics, such as age, gender, race/ethnicity of the patient, primary body part affected, intent of the injury, the relationship of the shooter to the patient, where the injury occurred, and activity at the time of injury. For fatal FA injuries among children, we analyzed mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System for 1993 through 2000. Data from both sources were used to calculate case-fatality rates.
Results. From 1993 through 2000, an estimated 22 661 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16 668–28 654) or 4.9 per 100 000 (95% CI: 3.6–6.2) children 14 years old with nonfatal FA injuries were treated in US hospital EDs. Assaults accounted for 41.5% of nonfatal FA injuries, and unintentional injuries accounted for 43.1%. Approximately 4 of 5 children who sustained a nonfatal, unintentional FA injury were reportedly shot by themselves or by a friend, a relative, or another person known to them. During this period, 5542, or 1.20 per 100 000 (95% CI: 1.17, 1.23), children 14 years old died from FA injuries; 1 of every 5 children who were wounded by a firearm gunshot died from that injury. Most FA deaths were violence related, with homicides and suicides constituting 54.7% and 21.9% of these deaths, respectively. For individuals 14 years old, the burden of morbidity and mortality associated with FA injuries falls disproportionately on boys, blacks, and children 10 to 14 years old. Both fatal and nonfatal injury rates declined >50% during the study period.
Conclusions. Although rates of nonfatal and fatal FA injuries declined during the period of study, FA injuries remain an important public health concern for children. Well-designed evaluation studies are needed to examine the effectiveness of potential interventions aimed at reducing FA injuries among children.
Key Words: firearms • gunshot wounds • children • accidents • violence
Abbreviations: FA, firearm-related • NEISS, National Electronic Injury Surveillance System • ED, emergency department • CFR, case fatality rate • CI, confidence interval
Fatal and nonfatal firearm-related (FA) injuries remain an important public health concern.1–3 In 2000, FA deaths resulted in 992 701 years of potential life lost before the age of 75, or 5.1% of the total for all causes for 2000—more than congenital anomalies, cerebrovascular disease, human immunodeficiency virus disease, chronic respiratory disease, and several other leading causes of death.4 Nonfatal FA injuries also place a substantial burden of morbidity5,6 and economic cost on society.7,8 Patients who survive gunshot wounds may sustain serious spinal cord injury and paraplegia,7 vision loss,9 and lung contusion and other pulmonary trauma.10 Gunshot wounds in the United States in 1994 cost an estimated $2.3 billion in lifetime medical costs or, on average, 
$17 000 per injury.8
FA injuries among children have long been a concern of the public health community.11 Increased epidemiologic interest and improved surveillance12,13 in recent years have produced numerous population-based studies of the distribution and characteristics of fatal and nonfatal FA injuries among children and adolescents with primary focus on adolescents and younger adults.14–16 However, exposure to injury risk factors and circumstances may differ considerably for children 14 years old compared with older teenagers and young adults.17,18 Also, injury prevention strategies to prevent FA injuries for this younger population could be different considering where and how they conduct their daily activities.19 This study focuses on a more detailed description of nationally representative data on fatal and nonfatal FA injuries among children 14 years old and characterizes the nature and circumstances of injury incidents, including injury intent, primary body part affected, the identity of the shooter, location of the shooting, case-fatality rates, and outcomes. Intervention strategies are discussed concerning unintentional injury and violence-prevention activities aimed at children 14 years old.
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METHODS |
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TOPABSTRACTMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONREFERENCES |
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At each NEISS hospital, trained on-site coders reviewed hospital ED records and trauma logs to identify patients who were treated for FA injuries. Coders then captured data on demographic characteristics of the patient, circumstances of the injury incident (eg, primary body part affected, relationship between victim and shooter), and a brief narrative describing the injury event. An FA injury was defined as a nonfatal gunshot wound from a projectile fired from a weapon using a powder charge. BB and pellet gun-related injuries and nonprojectile injuries such as injured trigger fingers or pistol whippings were excluded. Injured individuals who were dead on arrival at the hospital or who died in the ED were excluded from our analysis.
National estimates of nonfatal FA injuries are based on data obtained on 849 FA injury patients who were 14 years old and were treated in NEISS hospitals. Of these cases, 17 were recorded as FA suicide attempts and 153 cases were of undetermined intent. Data for 2 legal intervention cases were combined with the 402 assaults and are subsequently referred to as assaults. The remaining 275 cases were unintentional injuries. Each case was assigned a sample weight equal to the inverse of its probability of selection, adjusted for nonresponse and hospital mergers, and ratio adjusted to account for changes in the number of annual ED visits in the sampling frame over time. These weights were summed to calculate national estimates. Details about the NEISS sample design and its representativeness of people who are treated in US hospital EDs and weighting methods are documented elsewhere.21–25
National data on FA deaths from 1993 through 2000 were from the National Center for Health Statistics’ National Vital Statistics System mortality data files. All FA deaths of US residents 14 years old with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision26 underlying cause of death code of E922.0 to E922.9, E955.0 to E955.4, E965.0 to E965.4, E985.0 to E985.4, or E970 for 1993 through 1998 and with an International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision27 underlying cause of death code of W32 to W34, X72 to X74, X93 to X95, Y22 to Y24, or Y35.0 for 1999 and 2000 were included. Because there were only 13 legal intervention FA (E970 or Y35.0) deaths for 1993 through 2000 in this age range, they were combined with assaults (homicides) for analysis. Case fatality rates (CFRs), expressed as a percentage, were calculated by dividing the number of FA fatalities by the total number of nonfatal and fatal FA injuries and then multiplied by 100. Nonfatal and fatal injury rates per 100 000 people were calculated using population estimates for 1993 through 1999 and population projections for 2000 based on the 1990 census from the US Bureau of the Census.
All data analysis was conducted using SAS software.28 To account for the complex survey design of NEISS, a SAS-callable version of SUDAAN29 was used to calculate variances and confidence intervals (CIs) for national estimates of nonfatal injuries and injury rates.30 SUDAAN's jackknife method31 was used for variance estimation. For deaths and death rates, standard errors and CIs were computed assuming a Poisson distribution.32 Differences in incidence rates between years were tested for statistical significance using t tests. Because of sample size constraints and to facilitate comparison with previous studies on FA injuries that commonly use standard 5-year age groupings, we grouped cases into 2 age intervals: 0 to 9 years and 10 to 14 years of age.
To analyze the circumstances of unintentional FA injuries, 2 independent researchers reviewed each case. Using the narrative describing the injury event and other coded data in the NEISS record, researchers assigned each case to 1 or more of 18 injury categories using a standardized protocol. These categories represented various activities in which the victim participated at the time of injury (eg, playing with the gun, hunting, gun maintenance). A third researcher reviewed all coding and helped to determine the final category for cases for which researchers disagreed about code assignments. After the coding process, the 18 activity categories were collapsed into 5 mutually exclusive, hierarchic groups (in descending order): injured from a gun used during sports (eg, hunting, sports shooting, target shooting), playing with a gun (eg, using in jest by self or with another child), handling the gun (eg, examining, cleaning, holstering, and loading/unloading the gun), and other (eg, sitting on the gun, falling and accidentally pulling trigger, stray bullets), and unknown.
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RESULTS |
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TOPABSTRACTMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONREFERENCES |
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14 years old and had nonfatal FA injuries were treated in US hospital EDs. Children 12 to 14 years old accounted for an estimated 66.8% of nonfatal injuries for all children in this age range and 86.3% of nonfatal injuries for those 10 to 14 years old. During this same time period, 5542 (95% CI: 5396–5688) FA deaths occurred among US children 14 years old. Of these deaths, 63.7% were children 12 to 14 years old. Among the 10- to 14-year-old age group, 87.7% of deaths were children 12 to 14 years old. The overall incidence rates for this study population were 4.9 nonfatal FA injuries per 100 000 individuals (95% CI: 3.61–6.20) and 1.20 deaths per 100 000 individuals (95% CI: 1.17–1.23; Table 1). Overall, 1 of every 5 children in this age range who were shot with a firearm died from the injury.
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14 years old, the distribution of nonfatal and fatal injuries varied by age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Children <10 years old accounted for 23.5% of all fatal and nonfatal injuries combined. Boys were 4 times more likely to experience a nonfatal injury and nearly 3 times as likely to sustain a fatal injury as girls. However, girls who were shot were more likely to die from their wounds (CFR: 25% for girls vs 18% for boys). Although blacks had the highest rates of fatal and nonfatal injuries compared with all other race/ethnicity categories, they were 7% more likely to survive than non-Hispanic whites (CFR: 17.6% for blacks vs 24.6% for non-Hispanic whites). Unintentional injuries accounted for 43.1% of nonfatal FA injuries as well as 20.7% of fatal FA injuries. Although assaults accounted for 41.5% of nonfatal FA injuries, they represented the majority (54.7%) of fatal FA injuries. Suicide attempts accounted for <3% of nonfatal FA injuries but 21.9% of FA deaths. Between 1993 and 2000, the nonfatal FA injury rate among children <10 years old dropped by 2.12 injuries per 100 000 population (P < .05), representing a decrease of 68% from 3.10 injuries per 100 000 in 1993 to 0.98 in 2000 (Fig 1). A similar decrease in the nonfatal injury rate was observed for children 10 to 14 years old, whose rate dropped by 9.79 injuries per 100 000 (P < .05), or 58% during the same time period. The fatal FA injury rate likewise decreased during the period of analysis. For children <10 years old, the fatal FA injury rate dropped by 51%; this was a decrease of 0.34 deaths per 100 000 (P < .0001) between 1993 and 2000. The decline in the fatal FA injury rate was even larger for children 10 to 14 years old, with the rate dropping 2.24 deaths per 100 000 (P < .0001), or 59%, during the same time period. For nonfatal injuries, annual estimates of rates were too unstable to analyze trends separately by intent of injury. The decline for fatal FA injury rates between the 1993 and 2000 was statistically significant (P < .0001) for each intent category (unintentional, homicide, and suicide).
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DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONREFERENCES |
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14 years old. For these children, the burden of morbidity and mortality falls disproportionately on boys, blacks, and children 10 to 14 years old. Overall, 1 of every 5 FA injuries among these children resulted in death.
Although fatal FA injuries among children 14 years old were predominantly homicides, nonfatal FA injuries were split more evenly between unintentional and violence-related injuries. Averaged over the study period, FA suicides accounted for 152 deaths, or one fifth of all FA deaths for children in this age range each year. However, FA suicides accounted for about one third of all suicides for children 14 years old.4
For nonfatal FA injury cases for which the location of the incident could be determined, most injuries occurred at home regardless of intent. Among nonfatal FA injury cases for which the identity of the shooter could be determined, most FA injuries were reported as unintentionally self-inflicted or caused by someone known to the victim. Approximately half of the children who were treated for FA injuries were transported to the ED by emergency medical services, and 40% were hospitalized.
Our analysis demonstrates a significant decline in the incidence of fatal and nonfatal FA injuries among children 14 years old from 1993 through 2000. Several possible factors have been offered to explain this decline. Growing prevention efforts aimed at reducing unsupervised access to guns by children and reducing youth violence coincide with the decline in national BB/pellet gun-related injury rates and FA injury and death rates in the United States.33 Part of the decline in FA fatalities may be the result of improved trauma care.34 For assault-related FA injuries, possible explanations for the downward trend include improved economic conditions and the decline of the illicit drug trade over the study period.35 Although other legislative, behavioral, and environmental interventions may have contributed to the decline, there is little direct evidence of such impacts.
Three general approaches—behavior oriented, product design oriented, and legislative strategies—are being taken to help prevent unintentional FA injuries to children. Behavior-oriented strategies include educating parents and caregivers about gun safety practices (eg, safe storage practices, such as separating children from firearms using physical barriers such as lock boxes or gun safes; conducting gun safety programs for children).36 Efforts to promote safe gun storage practices are consistent with the Healthy People 2010 objective of reducing the proportion of people who live in homes with firearms that are loaded and unlocked.37 Our findings support recommendations to encourage parents to reduce their children’s risk of unsupervised access to firearms through storing firearms safely in their home and discussing unsupervised access to firearms and safe storage practices with their relatives and with the parents of their children’s friends.38,39 Our findings also suggest that prevention efforts to reduce unintentional FA injuries among children should be aimed at brothers, fathers, and other male caregivers. Counseling about firearm safety practices and FA injury prevention delivered by health care providers during child and adolescent health care encounters has been recommended.40,41 However, the effectiveness of firearm safety counseling in primary health care settings in regard to safe gun storage is inconclusive.42–44
Product design-oriented approaches include designing firearms with safety devices to protect children from using a firearm without adult supervision. Passive or automatic interventions that have been proposed include magazine safeties that prevent the discharge of rounds that remain in the chamber after the ammunition clip is removed,45 grip safeties that prevent child-sized hands from successfully pulling the trigger,3,46 trigger locks that are permanently built into the gun,46 and personalizing guns with integrated devices that prevent unauthorized firing.47 The effects of these product-oriented approaches to reducing gun violence and unintentional FA injuries in children are unknown.
Child access prevention laws, which hold parents or guardians legally responsible for injuries or deaths resulting from minors using their firearms, have been enacted in 19 states.33 Some studies have suggested that these laws are effective only in states where violations of the law are a felony as opposed to a misdemeanor,48,49 but additional research on this topic is needed.
Strategies for preventing assault-related and suicide-related FA injuries in children have been discussed extensively elsewhere.50–52 Some behavior-oriented and product design-oriented approaches overlap with those aimed at reducing unintentional FA injuries and are discussed above. Other prevention efforts aimed at reducing violence-related FA injuries that need additional evaluation include strategies intended to prevent interpersonal violence among children, such as preventing the expression of violent behavior (eg, social skills training, positive youth development programs); strategies to limit how and where firearms are used, such as eliminating the possession and use of weapons in and around schools; and strategies aimed at youth suicide prevention, such as counseling/treatment for substance abuse and depression, and crisis management.
Our study results are subject to several limitations. First, NEISS collects data only on patients who are treated in hospital EDs; therefore, children who were injured and treated in physicians’ offices or clinics were not included. Second, classification of activities at the time of injury for unintentional FA injury incidents was based on a brief narrative abstracted from the medical record. Approximately 31% of the narratives obtained from medical records had little or no information on the activity. Third, underlying cause and manner of death for data from 1993 through 1998 were classified using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, whereas those for 1999 and 2000 were classified using the International Classification of Disease and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision.27 No adjustments were made to ensure comparability across these coding systems because data from the National Center for Health Statistics’ Comparability Study were not yet available. However, preliminary estimates across all ages suggest that the adjustment ratios for FA injuries are small (0.9969 for FA homicides and 1.0579 for unintentional FA injuries).53 Because these ratios are relatively small, our study findings and conclusions should not be notably affected by the change in coding systems. Fourth, sample size limitations resulted in unstable rates in some demographic groups and activity categories. In particular, trend analysis of the decline in annual nonfatal FA injury rates by intent of the injury could not be conducted because of the small number of cases in some intent categories. Fifth, some patients who were treated in NEISS hospital EDs may have died of their injuries at a later point in their treatment at the hospital or other medical facility. However, a previous study suggested that most patients who are hospitalized for FA injuries are discharged from the hospital alive.25 Finally, classification of nonfatal FA injuries by intent of injury is based on information recorded in the medical record as described by the attending nurse or physician or in the emergency medical services report. The intent of injury for nonfatal cases was not confirmed by police reports or other criminal justice records.
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CONCLUSION |
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TOPABSTRACTMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONREFERENCES |
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14 years old declined significantly from the early 1990s until 2000. These declines are consistent with those among adolescents and adults. However, children remain at risk of sustaining an FA injury. Prevention efforts are needed to reduce further the number of FA injuries associated with unsupervised access to firearms, interpersonal violence, and self-directed violence. Various approaches have been taken to reduce the risk of FA injuries among children, but evidence of their effectiveness is limited. Possible interventions, including their combined effects, need to be evaluated to assess their effectiveness to prevent FA injuries among US children.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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FOOTNOTES |
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Reprint requests to (J.L.A.) Office of Statistics and Programming, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy (MS-K59), Atlanta, GA 30341-3724. E-mail: lannest{at}cdc.gov
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REFERENCES |
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This article has been cited by other articles:
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  R. Johnson, C. Runyan, T Coyne-Beasley, M. Lewis, and J. Bowling Storage of household firearms: an examination of the attitudes and beliefs of married women with children Health Educ. Res., September 22, 2007; (2007) cym049v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L M Olson, K K Christoffel, and K G O'Connor Pediatricians' involvement in gun injury prevention Inj. Prev., April 1, 2007; 13(2): 99 - 104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Whitfield and J.P. Garner The early management of gunshot wounds Part II: the abdomen, extremities and special situations Trauma, January 1, 2007; 9(1): 47 - 71. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 F. Baxley and M. Miller Parental Misperceptions About Children and Firearms Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, May 1, 2006; 160(5): 542 - 547. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. Coyne-Beasley, L. Baccaglini, R. M. Johnson, B. Webster, and D. J. Wiebe Do Partners With Children Know About Firearms in Their Home? Evidence of a Gender Gap and Implications for Practitioners Pediatrics, June 1, 2005; 115(6): e662 - e667. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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