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From the Children Nationwide Regional Neonatal Intensive Care Centre, Kings College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONSREFERENCES |
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Patients. Twenty infants (10 oxygen-dependent), median gestational age 30 (range: 27–32) weeks, were studied at a median postconceptional age of 35 weeks (range: 32–38 weeks).
Methods. On 2 successive days, infants were studied both supine and prone; each posture was maintained for 3 hours. Oxygen saturation was continuously monitored and at the end of each 3-hour period; compliance and resistance of the respiratory system and functional residual capacity (FRC) were measured.
Results. Overall, the median oxygen saturation and FRC were significantly higher in the prone position; compliance of the respiratory system and resistance of the respiratory system were not significantly affected by posture. Differences in oxygen saturation and FRC were significantly higher in the prone posture in the oxygen-dependent, but not the nonoxygen-dependent infants.
Conclusions. Superior oxygenation in the prone posture in oxygen-dependent premature infants studied before discharge could be explained by higher lung volumes.
Key Words: prematurity • lung volume • oxygen saturation • lung mechanics
Abbreviations: Crs, compliance of the respiratory system • FRC, functional residual capacity • PCA, postconceptional age • Rrs, resistance of the respiratory system • SD, standard deviation
Prematurely born infants with respiratory distress1,2 and those in the recovery stage of respiratory disease3 have higher levels of oxygenation when nursed prone compared with supine. The effect of posture on oxygenation has been less well investigated in older premature infants. The limited data available suggest that the prone posture may, in certain infants being considered for discharge, be associated with improved oxygenation even at 34 to 36 weeks postconceptional age (PCA).4,5
In the perinatal period, higher oxygenation levels in premature infants nursed in the prone posture have been associated with superior respiratory mechanics,4 higher lung volumes,6 and less ventilation perfusion mismatch.1 The mechanism of superior oxygenation in the prone posture in convalescent premature infants, however, has not been identified. We have demonstrated that the effect cannot be explained by superior respiratory muscle strength, as this is significantly lower in the prone compared with the supine position.7 The aim of this study was to determine if the prone posture was associated with superior oxygenation in prematurely born infants being prepared for discharge, and if such an effect might be explained by higher lung volumes or better respiratory mechanics. We also wished to test the hypothesis that any posture-related effects would be most marked in oxygen-dependent rather than nonoxygen-dependent infants.
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METHODS |
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TOPABSTRACTMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONSREFERENCES |
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Infants were studied on 2 successive days. On each day, infants were examined both supine and prone, each posture being maintained for 3 hours. The order in which postures were examined on the first day was randomized between infants and reversed on the following day for each individual. Oxygen saturation was continuously monitored using the same pulse oximeter (Ohmeda Biox 3740; BOC Health Care, Louisville, CO) and a reusable infant saturation probe (Flex II). The accuracy of the Ohmeda Biox oximeter is ±2.1% between oxygen saturation levels of 80% to 89.9% and ±1.5% between 90% and 100%. The mean saturation for each 3-hour period was obtained using a software program (Oximeter Download for Windows; Stowood Scientific Instruments, Oxford, United Kingdom). The neonatal unit’s policy was to keep the oxygen saturation of oxygen-dependent infants at a minimum of 94%. To achieve this, the nurses adjusted the amount of supplementary oxygen the infant received through their nasal cannula. As a consequence, the inspired oxygen flow delivered to each oxygen-dependent infant during each 3-hour period was recorded. To determine the infant’s supplementary oxygen requirement, the serial 15-minute oxygen flow recordings over the last 2 hours of each 3-hour period were meaned. The results in each posture were then meaned for the 2 successive days. Oxygen was delivered through a low flow meter (Therapy Equipment Ltd, Potters Bar, United Kingdom).
At the end of each 3-hour period, lung volume and respiratory system compliance (Crs) and resistance (Rrs) were measured. Lung volume was assessed by measurement of functional residual capacity (FRC) using a helium gas dilution technique and a specially designed infant circuit (total volume 95 mL).7 The FRC system (Equilibrated Biosystems Inc, Series 7700, Melville, NY) contained a rebreathing bag as the system reservoir. A facemask (Rendell Baker, Laerdal, Norway) was held snugly over the infant’s nose and mouth; silicone putty was used around the mask to achieve a tight seal. The facemask was connected to the rebreathing bag via a 3-way valve. The FRC system contained a helium analyser (Equilibrated Biosystems Inc, Series 7700) with a digital display. During the measurement, if there was no change in the helium concentration over a 15-second period, equilibration was deemed to have occurred. The initial and equilibration helium concentrations were used in the calculation of FRC, which was corrected for oxygen consumption (assumed to be 7 mL/kg/minute)8 and to body temperature, pressure and water vapor-saturated conditions. FRC was measured twice in each position and the results of the paired measurements were meaned. The FRC results in each posture were then meaned for the 2 successive days and related to body weight. The mean intrasubject coefficient of variation of the measurement of FRC was 8%.
Crs and Rrs were assessed by using a single occlusion technique.9 Airflow was recorded using a pneumotachograph (Mercury F10L; G M Engineering, Kilwinning, United Kingdom), inserted into the facemask, and differential pressure transducer (range: ±2 cm H2O, MP45; Validyne Corporation, Northridge, CA). Airway pressure was measured from a side port on the pneumotachograph using a differential pressure transducer (range: ±100 cm H2O, MP45; Validyne Corporation). The signals were amplified (Validyne CD280; Validyne Corporation) and displayed in real time on a computer running Labview software (version 4.0; National Instruments, Austin, TX) with 100 Hz analog to digital sampling (DAQ 16XE-50; National Instruments, Austin, TX). Tidal volume was obtained by digital integration of the respiratory flow signal using the Labview software. Occlusions were performed at end inspiration, which was identified from the flow signal. The distal end of the pneumotachograph was briefly occluded and only breaths with a pressure plateau of at least 100 ms were used in the calculation of Crs and Rrs. The mean Crs and Rrs in each posture were calculated from at least 5 technically acceptable occlusions and the results for a particular posture from the 2 days then meaned. The mean intrasubject coefficients of variation of the Crs and Rrs measurements were 14% and 19%, respectively.
Statistical Analysis
Differences were assessed for statistical significance using the Wilcoxon-paired signed sum rank test. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the strength of the relationship between the change in FRC and change in oxygenation.
Sample Size
Prematurely born, convalescent infants previously cared for on the neonatal unit had a mean oxygen saturation of 93.8% (standard deviation [SD] ±3.8%)4 and a mean FRC of 27.2 mL/kg (SD ±7.3 mL/kg).10 Recruitment of 20 patients allowed detection of differences in oxygen saturation and FRC of the equivalent of 1 SD with 85% power at the 5% level.
Patients
Twenty preterm infants, median gestational age 30 (range: 27–32) weeks, birth weight 1312 (range: 940-1940) g, PCA 35 (range: 32–38) weeks and postnatal age 4 (range: 2–10) weeks were examined. All had had respiratory distress syndrome. Ten of the infants were oxygen-dependent at the time of the study and had a median gestational age of 30 (range: 28–32) weeks, birth weight 1175 (940–1580) g, PCA of 35 (33–37) weeks, and postnatal age of 5 (range: 3–8) weeks. Ten nonoxygen-dependent infants were also examined; they had a median gestational age 31 (range: 27–32) weeks, birth weight 1589 (range: 1120–1940) g, PCA of 35 (range: 32–38) weeks, and postnatal age of 4 (range: 2–10) weeks. The study was approved by Kings College Hospital National Health Service Trust Research Ethics Committee and the parents gave informed written consent.
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RESULTS |
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DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONSREFERENCES |
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The influence of posture on lung volume in prematurely born infants has been debated. It has been suggested that lung volume might be lower in the prone posture because of the compressing effect of the infant’s bodyweight on the compliant chest wall.11 In contrast, others3 have suggested that lung volume would be higher in the prone posture, as there would be reduced cephalad stress by the abdominal organs allowing greater diaphragmatic excursion.12 We demonstrate that the prone posture is associated with superior lung volumes.
No significant posture-related effects on compliance or resistance were seen in the infants overall or in either subgroup. FRC was significantly higher in the prone posture in the oxygen-dependent infants, but the absolute change in FRC was 
2 mL/kg and too small to affect compliance. The measurements of compliance and resistance were less reproducible than those of FRC, but the coefficients of variation are not dissimilar to those quoted by other studies.13 We would also stress that our sample size was sufficient to detect a 15% difference in Crs and a 20% difference in Rrs. Therefore, we feel that in the population studied, there were no clinically important posture-related effects on lung mechanics.
Our results suggest that the improvement in oxygen saturation in the prone posture was attributable to higher lung volumes, particularly as in the oxygen-dependent infants; we saw a significant correlation between the change in FRC and the change in oxygen saturation. The impact of posture on both oxygen saturation and lung volume has rarely been examined. In a group of children and infants, prone positioning had no significant effect overall on FRC or oxygenation.14 The patients, however, were all ventilated and receiving neuromuscular blocking agents, which may have masked any effects. In spontaneously breathing intubated neonates, the prone posture was associated with a significant improvement in oxygenation, but no significant change in lung volume.3 Those results are not in conflict with our findings, as the infants studied3 had mild lung disease. We have documented significant changes in oxygen saturation and lung volume only in infants with chronic lung disease, that is, those requiring supplementary oxygenation. There are, however, other explanations for the superior oxygenation in the prone position which need to be considered. Thoracoabdominal synchrony has been shown to be improved in the prone compared with the supine position.15 The preterm infants studied, however, had a mean PCA of 33 weeks15 and whether at an older age, there remains a posture-related effect on thoracoabdominal synchrony remains to be tested. An alternative explanation for the improved oxygenation in the prone position could be improved ventilation perfusion matching. In models of lung injury, the prone compared with the supine position has been shown to reduce ventilation/perfusion heterogeneity16 and reduce intrapulmonary shunting.17 In the latter study,17 the reduction in shunting was not associated with a significant change in FRC. It was suggested in that study17 that the lack of attempt to support the shoulder girdle and pelvis so that the chest and abdomen hung freely18,19 might explain the failure to see a change in FRC. In the present study, the infants were placed prone in their cot with no special measures to allow the abdomen to protrude, yet their median FRC was significantly higher in the prone position.
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CONCLUSIONS |
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TOPABSTRACTMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONSREFERENCES |
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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FOOTNOTES |
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Reprint requests to (A.G.) Children Nationwide Regional Neonatal Intensive Care Centre, Fourth Floor, Ruskin Wing, King’s College Hospital, London SE5 9RS United Kingdom. E-mail: anne.greenough{at}kcl.ac.uk
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REFERENCES |
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TOPABSTRACTMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONSREFERENCES |
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This article has been cited by other articles:
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  C. F Poets and A. von Bodman Placing preterm infants for sleep: first prone, then supine Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed., September 1, 2007; 92(5): F331 - F332. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Greenough How has research in the past 5 years changed my clinical practice Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed., September 1, 2007; 92(5): F404 - F407. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Kassim, N. Donaldson, B. Khetriwal, H. Rao, K. Sylvester, G. F Rafferty, S. Hannam, and A. Greenough Sleeping position, oxygen saturation and lung volume in convalescent, prematurely born infants Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed., September 1, 2007; 92(5): 347 - 350. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S Broughton, R Bhat, A Roberts, M Zuckerman, G Rafferty, and A Greenough Diminished lung function, RSV infection, and respiratory morbidity in prematurely born infants Arch. Dis. Child., January 1, 2006; 91(1): 26 - 30. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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, Prone posture; 
supine posture. The oxygen-dependent infants are shown on the left hand side of the histogram.