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PEDIATRICS Vol. 111 No. 4 April 2003, pp. 777-784

Population-Based Analyses of Mortality in Trisomy 13 and Trisomy 18

Sonja A. Rasmussen, MD, MS*, Lee-Yang C. Wong, MS{ddagger}, Quanhe Yang, PhD*, Kristin M. May, PhD§ and J. M. Friedman, MD, PhD||

* National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
{ddagger} Health Investigations Branch, Division of Health Studies, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia
§ Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
|| Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Objective. Although trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 are generally considered to be lethal, long-term survival of patients has been reported. We sought to evaluate mortality in people with trisomy 13 or 18 using 2 population-based strategies.

Methods. In the first analysis, infants who had trisomy 13 or 18 and were born during 1968–1999 were identified using the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program, a population-based birth defects surveillance system. Dates of death were documented using hospital records, Georgia vital records, and the National Death Index. In the second analysis, we used the Multiple-Cause Mortality Files compiled from US death certificates from 1979 through 1997. Using these 2 analyses, we examined median survival time or median age at death, survival beyond 1 year of age, and factors associated with longer survival.

Results. Using Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program, we identified 70 liveborn infants with trisomy 13 and 114 liveborn infants with trisomy 18. Median survival time was 7 days (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3–15) for people with trisomy 13 and 14.5 days (95% CI: 8–28) for people with trisomy 18. For each condition, 91% of infants died within the first year. Neither race nor gender affected survival for trisomy 13, but for trisomy 18, girls and infants of races other than white seemed to survive longer. The presence of a heart defect did not seem to affect survival for either condition. Using MCMF, we identified 5515 people with trisomy 13 and 8750 people with trisomy 18 listed on their death certificates. Median ages at death for people with trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 both were 10 days; 5.6% of people with trisomy 13 and 5.6% of people with trisomy 18 died at age 1 year or greater. Race and gender seemed to affect survival in both conditions, with girls and blacks showing higher median ages at death.

Conclusions. Although survival is greatly affected by trisomy 13 and trisomy 18, 5% to 10% of people with these conditions survive beyond the first year of life. These population-based data are useful to clinicians who care for patients with these trisomies or counsel families with infants or fetuses who have a diagnosis of trisomy 13 or 18.

Key Words: trisomy 13 • trisomy 18 • survival • mortality

Abbreviations: MACDP, Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program • MCMF, Multiple-Cause Mortality Files • ICD-9-CM, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification • NDI, National Death Index • CI, confidence interval • ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 are, respectively, the second and third most commonly diagnosed autosomal trisomies in liveborn infants. Although these conditions are associated with a high degree of infant mortality,1 longer survival has been reported.2–16 Studies have reported median survival times varying from 2.5 days17 to between 1 and 4 months18 in trisomy 13, and from 2.5 days19 to 70 days20,21 in trisomy 18. Some of these studies ascertained patients through personal communication or literature reports and this may have introduced a bias toward longer survival. A study based on questionnaires that were sent to members of a support group for families of people with trisomy 13 and 18 reported even longer survival: 38% of people with trisomy 13 and 42% with trisomy 18 were still alive at age 1 year. However, as acknowledged by the study authors, that study was likely to be strongly biased toward longer survival, because families with infants who died shortly after birth would be less likely to be members of the support group. Although some of the reported variability in survival may be the result of differences in diagnosis or patient treatment,19 differences in case ascertainment methods also seem to play a significant role. Thus, studies that use population-based methods of ascertainment can provide much-needed accurate data on mortality of people with trisomy 13 or 18.

Information on factors associated with long-term survival are limited, but several studies have suggested that girls with trisomy 13 or 18 live longer than boys.20–25 Factors other than gender have not been well studied. For example, despite the recent finding that survival of people with Down syndrome is greatly affected by race,26 the effects of race on trisomy 13 or 18 survival have not been carefully studied. Some authors have suggested that the absence of heart malformations may be associated with a longer lifespan,2,27 but others have noted that the types of heart defects most commonly associated with these conditions would not be expected to be lethal in infancy, even if not surgically treated.28 Some authors18 have suggested that certain cytogenetic forms (translocations and mosaics) may be associated with longer survival than free trisomies, but others have not noted this difference for translocations.29 Some have suggested that long-term survival of infants with trisomy 13 or 18 is associated with more aggressive management and have proposed that the reason that recent studies show decreased survival is because infants who have trisomy 13 or 18 and are born in recent years receive less aggressive care because caregivers expect them to die very young.17,30 However, other authors have noted that long-term survivors have not received particularly aggressive or extraordinary care.31 Accurate description of mortality and understanding of factors associated with longer survival are important to clinicians who care for infants with these trisomies or counsel families with fetuses or infants who have a diagnosis of trisomy 18 or 13.

We sought to evaluate mortality in people with trisomy 13 or trisomy 18 using 2 population-based strategies. In the first, liveborn infants with trisomy 13 or 18 were identified through a birth defects surveillance system, the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP). We calculated median age of survival and assessed the impact of factors such as race, gender, presence of heart defect, and period of birth. We compared these data with those obtained from our second data source, Multiple-Cause Mortality Files (MCMF), compiled from US death certificates.


   METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
MACDP
We ascertained infants who were born with trisomy 13 or trisomy 18 during 1968–1999 using MACDP, a population-based birth defects surveillance program. Since 1968, MACDP has actively monitored birth defects among fetal deaths and live infants who were born to women who resided within a 5-county metropolitan Atlanta area. The program routinely collects clinical information and demographic characteristics on infants with major birth defects. Trained abstractors collect information from birth and pediatric hospitals, cytogenetic laboratories, and a referral center that provides services to children with congenital heart defects in the area. MACDP data include dates of death for some people, primarily those who died while at a hospital in the 5-county area. Additional details about MACDP have been published elsewhere.32

To identify infants with trisomy 13 or 18, we used codes based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), 758.100–758.190 for trisomy 13 and 758.200–758.290 for trisomy 18. We reviewed available cytogenetic data for all liveborn infants coded as having trisomy 13 or trisomy 18 and included only infants whose diagnosis was cytogenetically confirmed. Infants with free trisomy or a Robertsonian translocation were included, but infants with mosaicism and those with partial duplication of chromosomes 13 or 18 were excluded. We classified infants as having a heart defect when MACDP listed them as having a code for a heart defect (ICD-9-CM-based codes 745.000–747.900). For our analyses, infants with minor cardiac defects (eg, patent foramen ovale, patent ductus arteriosus, tricuspid insufficiency) or unconfirmed cardiac defects were not classified as having a heart defect.

When possible, we identified deaths using data from MACDP and from Georgia vital records. For people whose date of death was unknown, we supplemented these data by linking MACDP cases with deaths listed in the National Death Index (NDI), a centralized index of death record information for 1979 through 1998, compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics. Details on the NDI matching process are described elsewhere.33,34 For people who had trisomy 13 or 18 and had no death record in MACDP, Georgia vital records, or NDI, survival was censored at the end of the follow-up period on December 31, 1999. People for whom no date of death was found were searched for among admission records to local pediatric hospitals to determine the latest age that the person was documented as being alive.

For people with trisomy 13 or trisomy 18, we estimated the survival probability, including the median survival time, from birth by the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method35 for the entire study period. We also estimated median survival time and Kaplan-Meier survival probability by period of birth (1968–1979, 1980–1989, and 1990–1999) and for possible prognostic factors, including gender, race, and presence of a heart defect. We used Greenwood’s method to calculate the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the estimate of the survival probability and the sign test method to calculate CIs for median survival time.36 We used the log-rank test (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) to examine variation in survival by period of birth and possible prognostic factors.

MCMF
We used MCMF data compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics for 1979 through 1997. MCMF data include demographic information and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes for the underlying cause of death and up to 20 conditions listed on the death certificates of >40 million people who died in the United States during this period.37 Death certificates record death events only among live births; stillborn infants are not included.38 MCMF data exist in entity axis format and record axis format. The entity axis format provides a separate code for each disease listed on the death certificate whether it is an underlying cause or a contributory condition. The record axis format uses linkage rules to combine some listings of conditions, to determine the underlying cause of death and other contributory conditions and their positions as listed on the death certificates.37 We selected all records that contained code 758.1 (trisomy 13) or 758.2 (trisomy 18) anywhere in the record axis portion. From these records, we excluded records that contained code 779.6 (pregnancy termination).

We calculated median age at death over time for people with trisomy 13 or with trisomy 18 by race ("white," "black," or "other") and gender. An infant was classified as having a heart defect when any heart defect code (745.0–747.9) was listed on the death certificate. We used linear regression to test the trend of median age at death by year and used the nonparametric median scores method to test differences of median age at death by racial groups.39


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Trisomy 13
MACDP
During the period 1968–1999, 83 liveborn infants were coded as having trisomy 13. After review of the cytogenetic data, we excluded 13 of these infants—6 because their cytogenetic results were not available, 2 because they had mosaicism, and 5 because they had other abnormalities involving chromosome 13. After these infants were excluded, we had data on 70 liveborn infants, including 9 with Robertsonian translocations.

We identified the deaths of 69 of the 70 people with trisomy 13. MACDP records captured 56 deaths, linkage with Georgia vital records identified 12 additional deaths, and NDI linkage identified 1 additional death. Of the 70 people with trisomy 13, 64 (91%) died during the first year of life. Five died at ages >1 year (383, 791, 818, 1000, and 1858 days). The child for whom no date of death was available was last documented as being alive at 1117 days of age, based on local pediatric hospital records.

Among infants with trisomy 13, the estimated probability of survival to 1 month of age was 30.0% (95% CI: 19.3–40.7) and the cumulative survival probability to 1 year of age was 8.6% (95% CI: 4.4–18.9; Fig 1). Median survival time was 7 days (95% CI: 3–15) and did not vary significantly by any of the selected clinical or demographic factors (Table 1). Probabilities of survival to 1 month and 1 year did not vary significantly by gender, race, or presence of heart defect (Table 2). However, the 1-month survival probabilities varied significantly by birth period, from 40% (1968–1979) to 47% (1980–1989) to 17% (1990–1999). One-year survival probabilities did not vary significantly between time periods.



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  		Fig 1. Kaplan-Meier survival curve (solid line) and 95% CIs (dashed lines) for children with trisomy 13, metropolitan Atlanta, 1968–1999 (truncated at 1 year).

 

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  		TABLE 1. Median Survival Time of People With Trisomy 13 by Selected Demographic and Clinical Characteristics, Atlanta, 1968–1999

 

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  		TABLE 2. 1-Month and 1-Year Survival Probabilities of People With Trisomy 13 by Selected Demographic and Clinical Characteristics, Atlanta, 1968–1999

 
MCMF
MCMF contain records for 40 591 313 deaths during 1979–1997, 5553 of which listed trisomy 13 on the death certificate. Of these, we excluded 6 records that also listed the code for pregnancy termination, 30 that listed codes for both trisomy 13 and 18, and 2 that were missing values for age at death. The final analytical death cohort for trisomy 13 was 5515, indicating that 1 in 7362 deaths was associated with trisomy 13.

The racial distribution among trisomy 13-associated deaths was 78.7% white, 18.4% black, and 3.5% others, whereas the racial distribution of all births for 1980–1997 was 79.9% white, 15.9% black, and 4.2% others.40 The overall median age at death for the 5515 people with trisomy 13 was 10 days (5th percentile, 1 day; 25th percentile, 1 day; 75th percentile, 30 days; 95th percentile, 1365 days). Of trisomy 13-associated deaths, 1677 (30.4%) occurred at 1 month or greater and 309 (5.61%) occurred at age 1 year or greater. The median age at death decreased from 10 days in 1979 to 6 days in 1997 (ß ± standard error = -0.67 ± 0.23; P = .056). The median age at death was significantly higher for girls than for boys (10 days vs 5 days; P < .0001; Fig 2), and blacks had a higher median age at death (17 days) than whites (6 days) or people of races other than white or black (5 days; P < .0001). The median age at death was not significantly different between whites and people of other races (excluding blacks). Median age at death was higher for people with a heart defect noted on the death certificate (10 days) than for those without a heart defect noted (6 days; P < .0001).



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  		Fig 2. Median age at death among 5514 liveborn individuals with trisomy 13 by gender, MCMF data, 1979–1997.

 
Trisomy 18
MACDP
For 1968 through 1999, MACDP coded 124 liveborn infants as having trisomy 18. After reviewing the cytogenetic data, we excluded 10 of these infants—3 because cytogenetic results were not available, 3 because they had mosaicism, and 4 because they had other abnormalities involving chromosome 18. After these infants were excluded, 114 liveborn infants with trisomy 18 remained for study, including 4 infants who also had sex chromosome aneuploidy (3 with 48, XXY, +18 and 1 with 48, XXX, +18) and 2 with free trisomy 18 and an additional apparently balanced chromosomal rearrangement.

We identified deaths in 106 of the 114 people with trisomy 18. MACDP records captured 83 deaths, linkage with Georgia vital records identified 22 additional deaths, and NDI linkage identified 1 additional death. Of the 114 people with trisomy 18, 104 (91%) died during the first year of life. Two people with trisomy 18 died at ages >1 year (414 days and 1081 days). Of the 8 children with trisomy 18 for whom no date of death was available, 5 were last documented by pediatric hospital records as being alive at ages 410, 810, 1332, 1848, and 3203 days. For the other 3 (1 born in 1997 and 2 in 1999), no additional information was available.

For liveborn infants with trisomy 18, the estimated probability of survival to 1 month of age was 38.6% (95% CI: 29.7–47.5) and to 1 year of age was 8.4% (95% CI: 3.2–13.6; Fig 3). Median survival time was 14.5 days (95% CI: 8–28). Analysis of median survival time showed significantly longer survival for girls (27 days) compared with boys (3 days). The median survival time was longest for Hispanic people, compared with black or white people. The median survival time of infants with trisomy 18 increased from 10 days (1968–1979) to 14 days (1980–1989) and then to 19 days (1990–1999), but this increase was not statistically significant. The presence of a congenital heart defect was not associated with significantly shorter lifespan (Table 3). Analysis of 1-month survival probabilities for infants with trisomy 18 by selected demographic and clinical characteristics revealed significant differences associated with race and gender (Table 4). The 1-month survival probability was significantly higher for blacks than for whites (P = .0213) when the three Hispanic people were excluded. Girls were significantly more likely to survive 1 month than boys, although no significant gender difference was noted for 1-year survival probabilities.



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  		Fig 3. Kaplan-Meier survival curve (solid line) and 95% CIs (dashed lines) for children with trisomy 18, metropolitan Atlanta, 1968–1999 (truncated at 1 year).

 

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  		TABLE 3. Median Survival Time of People With Trisomy 18 by Selected Demographic and Clinical Characteristics, Atlanta, 1968–1999

 

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  		TABLE 4. 1-Month and 1-Year Survival Probabilities of People With Trisomy 18 by Selected Demographic and Clinical Characteristics, Atlanta, 1968–1999

 
MCMF
MCMF for 1979–1997 contained 8797 death certificate records that listed trisomy 18. Of those, we excluded 15 that also listed the code for pregnancy termination, 30 that listed codes for both trisomy 13 and 18, and 2 that were missing values for age at death. The final analytical death cohort for trisomy 18 was 8750, indicating that 1 in 4639 deaths was associated with trisomy 18.

The racial distribution among people with trisomy 18 was 78.9% white, 16.5% black, and 4.6% other races. Among people with trisomy 18, the overall median age at death was 10 days (5th percentile, 1 day; 25th percentile, 2 days; 75th percentile, 60 days; 95th percentile, 1365 days). Among trisomy 18-associated deaths, 3316 (37.9%) occurred at 1 month or greater and 487 (5.57%) occurred at age 1 year or greater. The median age at death decreased from 17 days in 1979 to 10 days in 1997 (ß ± standard error = -0.62 ± 0.17; P = .0003). The median age at death was significantly higher among girls than among boys (17 days vs 5 days, respectively; P < .0001), and blacks had a higher median age at death (17 days) than whites (10 days) or people of other races (10 days; P < .0001; Fig 4). The median age at death for people with trisomy 18 with a heart defect noted on the death certificate was higher (17 days) than for those without a heart defect noted (10 days; P < .0001).



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  		Fig 4. Median age at death among 8750 liveborn individuals with trisomy 18 by gender, MCMF data, 1979–1997.

 

   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
We used 2 different population-based strategies to study mortality in trisomy 13 and trisomy 18. The 2 data sets used in this study have important strengths. Both are population-based, which decreases the selection bias that has been observed in some studies. Because MACDP has been in operation since 1968, these data made it possible for us to evaluate changes in survival among people ascertained with identical criteria over a period of 32 years. In addition, MACDP’s multiple ascertainment sources, including data from cytogenetic laboratories,41 allowed us to exclude people whose condition was not cytogenetically confirmed. In most cases, exclusions were made because another cytogenetic abnormality or mosaicism was diagnosed, not because of lack of cytogenetic data. Use of NDI to provide information on people whose date of death was not available from hospital records or Georgia death certificates is another strength of our study because previous studies have shown that information obtained from NDI data is accurate and that this source identifies a high proportion of deaths.42–44 MCMF data allowed us to assess much larger numbers of people than previous studies.

Both data sets also impose limitations. The biggest limitation with MACDP data is that people with trisomy 13 or 18 for whom no date of death was available in the hospital records, Georgia vital records, or NDI were assumed to be alive, but this assumption may be incorrect. Linkage to Georgia vital records depended on name; thus, name changes complicated this linkage. However, nearly all people for whom no date of death was found were born during the time period for which NDI data are available, and NDI uses several factors for linkage. In addition, local pediatric hospital records documented 6 of the 9 people with an unknown date of death as being alive after the age of 1 year. Finally, median age of survival is unlikely to be severely affected by these few people. Another limitation of MACDP data is that, because it considered only infants whose conditions were cytogenetically confirmed, it missed infants who had trisomy 13 or 18 and died before blood or other samples were obtained for cytogenetic analysis. Thus, our use of these data may skew our findings toward longer survival.

The major limitation of MCMF data is that they are based on death certificates, which previous studies have demonstrated to be incomplete and, in some instances, inaccurate.45,46 In this data set, we were unable to confirm diagnoses of trisomy 13 or 18 by cytogenetic analysis, so other conditions may have been incorrectly diagnosed and recorded as trisomy 13 or 18. This problem is highlighted by the finding that 30 records listed both trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 on the death certificate (these records were excluded from our analysis). Another limitation is that we could not exclude people with mosaicism, who may be expected to have a longer survival. In addition, people who had trisomy 13 or 18 and were not diagnosed before their death certificates were completed would not be included in MCMF data. Data on the presence of a heart defect are limited by our use of death certificates as the source of information.

We were unable to assess the accuracy of ascertainment of trisomy 13 or 18 in the MCMF data. In a study from Hawaii, the prevalence of trisomy 13 among liveborns was 1 in 12 083 and for trisomy 18 was 1 in 655927; MACDP data for 1968–1999 show the frequency of cytogenetically confirmed cases to be 1 in 14 700 for trisomy 13 and 1 in 9026 for trisomy 18. These figures for frequency of trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 are lower than those reported on death certificates. One reason for this may be that the Hawaii study included pregnancy terminations; during the study period (1986–1997), nearly 40% of trisomy 13 and almost 50% of trisomy 18 cases were pregnancy terminations. Our study using MCMF data included earlier years, a time when prenatal diagnosis and pregnancy termination would have been less frequent. The birth prevalence of trisomy 13 or trisomy 18 in Hawaii would have been 1 in 6205 and 1 in 2503, respectively, if elective terminations were included. Another reason for the higher frequency of trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 in MCMF data may be that results of chromosome analyses were not available when the death certificates were completed, so some infants may have been incorrectly classified as having 1 of these conditions.

Another limitation of our analyses is that we have no information on the types of medical interventions provided to people with trisomy 13 or 18 in either data set, although it is likely that a wide range of medical interventions were provided. Because of this, we are unable to address whether people who have trisomy 13 or 18 and survive longer receive more aggressive care.

Despite these limitations, the 2 data sets showed similar results for median survival time (MACDP) and median age at death (MCMF). The median survival time for infants with trisomy 13 was 7 days using MACDP data, and the median age at death was 10 days using MCMF data. The median survival time for infants with trisomy 18 was 14.5 days using MACDP data, and the median age at death was 10 days using MCMF data. These findings were similar to those obtained from other unselected studies of mortality, which reported median survival of 2.517 and 428 days for people with trisomy 13 and median survival ranging from 2.5 to 6 days for people with trisomy 18.17,19,21,24,25

Using data from MACDP, we found that 91% of infants with trisomy 13 or with trisomy 18 died within the first year of life. This is also similar to previous unselected studies. The range in previous studies for trisomy 13 was 89.5% to 100%,17,28,47 and for trisomy 18 was 74.3% to 100%.17,19,24,47 One of these studies showed lower rates of death in the first year of life47; however, this study may have underestimated infant mortality because deaths that occurred out of state may have been underascertained.

Like our study, previous studies have suggested that girls with trisomy 13 or 18 survive longer than boys.20–25 Using MCMF data, we observed significantly higher median age at death for girls than for boys with either trisomy 13 or trisomy 18. Similarly, using MACDP data, we found that girls with trisomy 18 had longer median survival and significantly better 1-month survival probability than boys. Longer survival in girls was not seen in trisomy 13 using MACDP data.

A recent study of Down syndrome mortality using death certificates showed a substantial racial disparity, with white people surviving longer than people of other races.26 In contrast, both of the data sets that we used showed that blacks with trisomy 13 or 18 survived longer than whites, although the differences did not reach statistical significance using MACDP data. The reasons for this association are unknown. A possible relationship between black race and better survival of people with trisomy 13 was previously suggested when 2 black children with trisomy 13 were documented to have survived into the second decade of life.30

MACDP data suggest that the presence of a heart defect does not negatively affect survival for either condition. MCMF data indicate that people who had trisomy 13 or 18 and also had a heart defect listed on their death certificates survived longer than those without a heart defect listed. These data could be helpful in the discussion regarding whether cardiac surgery is indicated in people with trisomy 13 or 1831; however, these data are likely to be affected by the fact that many infants with either trisomy 13 or trisomy 18 die very early in life, before a heart defect is diagnosed. This conjecture is supported by the fact that the proportion of people who had trisomy 13 or 18 and heart defects in our study is smaller than previously reported.48

The results of our examination of mortality by period of birth are difficult to interpret. Using MCMF data, we found that the median age at death significantly decreased through the years studied for both trisomy 13 and trisomy 18. MACDP data showed a significant trend over the 3 time periods of birth for shorter 1-month survival probability in people with trisomy 13 but not trisomy 18. No statistically significant differences by time period were seen for 1-year survival probability or median survival time for people with trisomy 13 or 18 or for 1-month survival probability for people with trisomy 18. Recent studies have reported shorter survival than earlier ones, leading some authors to suggest that patients are dying younger, possibly because infants who have trisomy 13 or 18 and are born in recent years receive less aggressive care because of the expectation that they will die early. Differences in case ascertainment methods are also likely to affect reported survival.

These data demonstrate the pattern of mortality associated with trisomy 13 and with trisomy 18. Despite the poor survival of people with these conditions, it is important to recognize that 5% to 10% of children with trisomy 13 or trisomy 18 do survive the first year. This information is important to providers who care for patients with these conditions and their families. Given our focus on liveborns, our data should be used cautiously for prenatal counseling because a significant proportion of these pregnancies are expected to be lost before birth.49


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank MACDP staff members Debra Adams, Fran Baxter, Jo Anne Croghan, Joann Donaldson, Joan Garcia, Debbie Nurmi, Mary Kathryn Peecher, Charlie Mae Peters, Wendy Sklenka, Carolyn Sullivan, Karen Thornton, and Tineka Yowe. Their constant data collection efforts provide the foundation on which MACDP is built. We also acknowledge Dr Leslie O’Leary for assistance in obtaining additional information on MACDP study patients.


   FOOTNOTES
 
Received for publication Apr 30, 2002; Accepted Sep 4, 2002.

Reprint requests to (S.A.R.) 4770 Buford Hwy NE, CDC, MS F-45, Atlanta, GA 30341. E-mail: skr9{at}cdc.gov


   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 

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PEDIATRICS (ISSN 1098-4275). ©2003 by the American Academy of Pediatrics

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