PEDIATRICS Vol. 110 No. 5 November 2002, pp. e61
Child Safety Seat Knowledge Among Parents Utilizing Emergency Services in a Level I Trauma Center in Southern California
Federico Vaca, MD, MPH, FACEP*,
,
Craig L. Anderson, DHSc, PhD,
Phyllis Agran, MD, MPH, FAAP
,,
Diane Winn, RN, MPH and
George Cheng, BS
* Department of Emergency Medicine
Department of Pediatrics
Center for Health Policy Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
-->
 |
ABSTRACT
|
|---|
Objective. To determine the level of child safety seat (CSS) and airbag safety knowledge in parents who utilize emergency care services for their children and to determine factors that influence knowledge of safe transportation of children.
Methods. A prospective survey study was conducted in a 42 000-visit-per-year Level I trauma center and emergency department (ED) in Southern California from May through October 2000. Subjects were parents of ED-registered children (
6 years). Research assistants administered the survey in the subject’s native language. Parent knowledge of age-appropriate restraint use and airbag safety was collected.
Results. Six hundred fifty-five subjects were enrolled. Most parents (97%) reported a regular source of pediatric medical care, and 57% had a previous ED visit. Eighty-six percent reported owning a CSS or booster seat. Eighty-one percent were aware that infants in rear-facing CSSs should never be placed in front of an airbag. Only 46% knew that a child weighing 40 to 60 lb should travel in a booster seat, and 59% knew that the State law required CSS use for children up to 4 years and weighing up to 40 lb. When knowledge scores were examined by ethnicity, fluency in English, income, and years of education, fluency was found to have the greatest influence on both CSS and airbag knowledge.
Conclusions. Although nearly all of our subjects admitted that their children had a regular source of care, many parents showed evidence of lack of knowledge of CSS and airbag safety. Furthermore, many parents were not familiar with the state law regarding child restraints. Our findings suggest that parents of small children who utilize emergency care services could benefit from child passenger safety education during their ED visit and that non-English media and materials may be important to reaching this population.
Key Words: child safety seat • airbag • knowledge • occupant safety • Hispanic
Abbreviations: ED, emergency department • CSS, child safety seat • NHTSA, National Highway Traffic Administration
|
INTRODUCTION
|
|---|
Motor vehicle crashes continue to claim the lives of US children too frequently. In 2000, there were 8145 passenger vehicle occupants under the age of 15 involved in fatal motor vehicle crashes. Of these, 2343 children were killed in crashes. In addition, 529 of the fatally injured children were under the age of 5 years, and 251 were found to be completely unrestrained.1
Emergency physicians and pediatric emergency medicine specialists are confronted daily with caring for these injured children and in many cases trying to educate parents about "best" child occupant safety practices. The task of injury prevention education in the emergency department (ED) setting can be challenging. Yet most acute health care providers and traffic safety advocates affirm that this education is needed for parents, particularly in light of the growing socioeconomic and cultural diversity found in EDs today. Furthermore, researchers have found that ED populations are "high injury risk" groups, and those individuals that utilize emergency care services are at greater risk for injury and repeat ED visits for trauma.2,3 Moreover, epidemiologic studies show that children of certain minority groups are at higher risk of dying in motor vehicle crashes.4
Despite the large number of resources allocated to media campaigns, infants and young children continue to travel unrestrained, in unsafe seating positions, and in front passenger seats of airbag-equipped vehicles.5–7 We anticipate that this may become more of a problem as vehicles are resold to second owners. As the fleet of airbag-equipped motor vehicles age, increasing numbers of low-income families who may have lower levels of education, inability to read and speak English, larger families, and fewer resources will be using these vehicles. Therefore, there is a need to determine the level of knowledge related to airbags and safe transport of children in a population at greater risk for crash and airbag-related injury.
The objective of our study was to determine the level of child safety seat (CSS) and airbag safety knowledge in parents who utilize emergency care services for their children and determine factors that may influence knowledge associated with safe transportation of children.
|
MATERIALS AND METHODS
|
|---|
Methods
A prospective, cross-sectional survey study was conducted in a 42 000 annual visit Level I trauma center and ED located in Orange County, California, between May and October of 2000. Enrolled subjects were parents of children 6 years old or younger seeking emergency care services for their child. Informed consent was obtained, and parents were enrolled only if their child was evaluated in the ED. Parents of a child found to be medically unstable or suspected to be a victim of child abuse were excluded from enrollment. The knowledge assessment tool used in the study was developed by the research team, translated by certified Spanish and Vietnamese interpreters, back translated to assure clarity and understanding, piloted, and revised for final study administration.
Trained research assistants administered the survey in English, and trained certified interpreters administered the survey when the subject’s native language was Spanish or Vietnamese. In part, the information that was obtained included subject and referent child demographics, emergency care service utilization and crash injury history, the presence of a routine source of medical care, and self-report of child and parent restraint use. Finally, parent knowledge of airbag safety, age-appropriate restraint use, and knowledge of safety equipment (presence of airbag, number of airbags and seat belts) present in the vehicle the child routinely traveled in was also obtained. Although we did not record the exact number of prospective subjects that refused to be enrolled, the refusal rate was very low. The poverty level used in our analysis was that level determined by the US Census Bureau for the year 2000.
To further investigate the influence of ethnicity, language, income, and education on child occupant safety knowledge, we constructed scales of child restraint and airbag safety based on the number of correct answers to 7 and 13 questions, respectively (Table 1). The 7 child restraint questions were based on best practice of age- and weight-appropriate CSS selection, position, and placement within the vehicle.8 Descriptive analysis of data and analysis of variance were undertaken with SPSS 10.0 for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL). Before subject enrollment, the study protocol was reviewed and approved by our Human Subjects Research Institutional Review Board. Enrolled subjects were compensated for their participation in the study.
|
RESULTS
|
|---|
Six hundred fifty-five parents were enrolled, of which 60% were Hispanic, 25% were non-Hispanic white, 6% were Asian, 3% were black or African American, 1% were Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, 1% were American Indian or Alaskan Native, and 4% classified themselves as other. The majority of parents (97%) reported a regular source of pediatric medical care, and a substantial number (57%) reported that their child had previously visited an ED. Ninety-seven percent of parents of children 0 to 3 years old, but only 42% of the parents of children 4 to 6 years old, reported that they owned a CSS or booster seat for their child (P < .001). The majority (84%) of the surveys were conducted in English, and most (42%) household incomes were in the 1- to 2-times poverty level category. Table 2 further describes selected characteristics of our study population.
The majority of parents (90%) correctly identified that an appropriately restrained child weighing <20 lb and <1 year of age should ride rear-facing. They also noted that the proper restraint for a child 20 to 40 lb is an infant/child car seat (78%) and that the rear middle seat is the safest place for a child 0 to 12 years to travel in a car (47%). Fifty-nine percent of parents knew that the state law (California) required CSS use for children up to 4 years and weighing up to 40 lb, yet less than half (46%) knew that a child weighing 40 to 60 lb should travel in a booster seat. Eighty-one percent identified that infants in rear-facing CSSs should never be placed in front of an airbag (Table 1).
The mean knowledge scale scores were 4.7 of 7 for the CSS questions and 8.3 of 13 for the airbag questions. In an attempt to further elucidate the contribution of ethnicity, language, income, and education on child restraint knowledge, analysis of variance was conducted (Table 3). Parents were noted to have progressively lower knowledge on both the CSS and airbag knowledge scales if they were less fluent in English, had lower income, or had fewer years of education. Those most fluent in English answered twice as many airbag knowledge questions correctly as those least fluent. Hispanic parents were found to have lower scores on both scales. When these characteristics were included in an analysis of variance, fluency in English had the strongest association with both scores. In addition, ethnicity was associated with both scores, and low income was associated with low airbag knowledge when controlling for other variables. The number of years of education was not associated with either knowledge scale when the other variables were included.
|
DISCUSSION
|
|---|
In 1999, visits to EDs were estimated at nearly 103 million (37.8 per 100 people) with injury-related visits totaling nearly 38 million (13.8 per 100 people).9 Motor vehicle crash-related injuries in children continue to account for a substantial proportion of these visits and raising awareness of child occupant safety issues is vital to reducing injury risk. To date, little has been written about the need for parent education for child occupant safety in the ED. Our study results point to the need to utilize the ED visit as an opportunity to inform and reinforce child passenger safety messages.
Our study population was found to be predominately Hispanic with a low annual household income and few years of formal education. The results of our study reveal a gap in child occupant protection knowledge of parents who utilize emergency care services. Only 81% of our subjects agreed that infants in rear-facing CSSs should never be placed in front of an airbag. A 1998 national survey report by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) found that 92% of individuals surveyed believed it was unsafe to position a rear-facing CSS in the front seat of an air bag-equipped car.10 The NHTSA has been warning consumers of injury risk to small children with regard to airbags since December 1991.11
Appropriate restraint selection for a 40- to 60-lb child was another area of concern. Only 46% of parents were able to identify the booster seat as the appropriate restraint to be used. A commonly cited reason for a child of this weight range not to ride in a booster is the parent’s perception that the child is large enough to travel safely restrained by the vehicle seat belt alone.12 Several studies point to the dangers and risks of severe crash-related injury to small children as a result of inappropriate child restraint selection and premature use of vehicle seat belts.13–16
Almost all children weighing 40 to 60 lb would be included in booster seat guidelines that have been published since we designed our questionnaire.17,18 Current NHTSA guidelines recommend boosters for children weighing 40 to 80 lb and up to 57 in in height.17 More than 97% of children have a body mass index >13, the value for a child who weighs 60 lb and is 57 in in height.19
Finally, 59% of our subjects did not know California State law requirements for CSSs. At the time that our survey was administered, the child passenger safety law required that all children under 40 lb and <4 years of age use a CSS. The lack of familiarity with the California State law found in our study further points to the need for continued child occupant safety education.
Because our study population was found to be predominately Hispanic, we chose to further assess the degree to which key variables (ethnicity, fluency of English, income, and years of education) might influence CSS and airbag knowledge scale scores. When these variables were independently analyzed, they were found to have significant association with both CSS and airbag knowledge scale scores. Analysis of the variables in combination with each other revealed that fluency of English had the greatest association on both knowledge scores, with Hispanic ethnicity also having a significant yet lesser degree of association.
In addition, when other key variables were controlled for, lower income was found to be significantly associated with lower airbag knowledge. We believe that this finding represents a lack of familiarity with airbags by parents who might not have the money required to purchase and drive airbag-equipped vehicles. This finding should prompt heightened concern for lower income families who may buy and drive older airbag-equipped vehicles in the future.
Limitations
Our study was developed to assess the level of child passenger safety knowledge of parents. Although the results show that a gap in knowledge exists in our subjects, it does not speak to actual observed practice that may be less than the self report survey findings. In addition, the self report nature of the study makes it difficult to relate the level of knowledge to the extent of "best" practice used by parents. Because our study population is heterogeneous and in some respects unique as a result of our geographic location, generalizability of our findings are a challenge.
|
CONCLUSION
|
|---|
The results of our study point to the need for additional education for child occupant protection in parents who utilize emergency care services for their children. Although 97% of our subjects had a routine source of care for their child, over half had previously visited an ED. Given the frequency of visits to EDs, this setting is another viable opportunity to reach a high-risk population, reinforce safety messages, and inform parents of "best" child occupant protection practice. ED populations are a diverse group with special communication needs, and Spanish media and materials that are culturally appropriate for Hispanics are essential to reaching this population. Finally, the noted association between low household income and low airbag safety knowledge should yield concern for those families with fewer resources buying older airbag-equipped vehicles. Strategies for routinely disseminating airbag safety information to buyers of older airbag-equipped vehicles should be explored.
|
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
|
|---|
This study was supported by grant R49/CCR915456 from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
We thank Elizabeth Perez and the UCI Emergency Medicine Research Associates Program for their contributions.
|
FOOTNOTES
|
|---|
Received for publication Mar 11, 2002; Accepted Jul 12, 2002.
Reprint requests to (F.V.) UCI Medical Center, 101 The City Drive, Rte 128, Orange, CA 92868. E-mail: fevaca{at}uci.edu
|
REFERENCES
|
|---|
- US Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Traffic Safety Facts 2000 Children. Washington, DC: National Center for Statistics and Analysis Research and Development; 2001. Document DOTHS 809 324
- Taylor BW, MacIntyre J, Forgeron P. Trauma recurrence in the pediatric emergency population.
J Trauma.1999; 46
:479
–482[ISI][Medline]
- Lowenstein SR, Koziol-McLain J, Thompson M, et al. Behavioral risk factors in emergency department patients: a multisite survey.
Acad Emerg Med.1998; 5
:781
–787[ISI][Medline]
- Baker SP, Braver ER, Chen LH, Pantula JF, Massie D. Motor vehicle occupant deaths among Hispanic and black children and teenagers.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.1998; 152
:1209
–1212[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Motor-vehicle occupant fatalities and restraint use among children aged 4–8 years-United States, 1994–1998.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep.2000; 49
:135
–137[Medline]
- Berg MD, Cook L, Corneli HM, Vernon DD, Dean JM. Effect of seating position and restraint use on injuries to children in motor vehicle crashes.
Pediatrics.2000; 105
:831
–835[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Ferguson SA, Wells JK, Williams AF. Child seating position and restraint use in three states.
Inj Prev.2000; 6
:24
–28[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Injury and Poison Prevention. Selecting and using the most appropriate car safety seats for growing children: guidelines for counseling parents.
Pediatrics.1996; 97
:761
–763[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- McCaig LF, Burt CW. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 1999 Emergency Department Summary.
Advance Data From Vital and Health Statistics.2001; 320
- US Department of Transportation.
1998 Motor Vehicle Occupant Safety Survey. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 1998. DOTHS 809 182
- US Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Fourth Report to Congress: Effectiveness of Occupant Protection System and Their Use. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 1999
- Ramsey A, Simpson E, Rivara FP. Booster seat use and reasons for nonuse.
Pediatrics.2000; 106(2)
Available at: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/106/2/e20
- Winston F, Durbin DR, Kallan MJ, Moll EK. The danger of premature graduation to seat belts for young children.
Pediatrics.2000; 105
:1179
–1183[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Givens TG, Polley KA, Smith GF, Hardin WD Jr. Pediatric cervical spine injury: a three-year experience.
J Trauma.1996; 41
:310
–314[ISI][Medline]
- Sturm PF, Glass RB, Sivit CJ, Eichelberger MR. Lumbar compression fractures secondary to lap-belt use in children.
J Pediatr Orthop.1995; 15
:521
–523[ISI][Medline]
- Anderson PA, Rivara FP, Maier RV, Drake C. The epidemiology of seatbelt-associated injuries.
J Trauma.1991; 31
:60
–67[ISI][Medline]
- US Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Types of Child Safety Seats. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2001. DOTHS 809 230
- American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Injury and Poison Prevention. Selecting and using the most appropriate car safety seats for growing children: guidelines for counseling parents.
Pediatrics.2002; 109
:550
–553[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Grummer-Strawn LM, et al. CDC growth charts: United States.
Adv Data.2000; 314
:1
–27[Medline]
PEDIATRICS (ISSN 1098-4275). ©2002 by the American Academy of Pediatrics
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
M Martin, J Holden, Z Chen, and K Quinlan
Child passenger safety for inner-city Latinos: new approaches from the community.
Inj. Prev.,
April 1, 2006;
12(2):
99 - 104.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
