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SPECIAL ARTICLE |
* Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Children’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Department of Education, American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, Illinois
Abbreviations: CME, continuing medical education • AAP, American Academy of Pediatrics • CPD, continuous professional development • ABP, American Board of Pediatrics
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INTRODUCTION |
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 TOP INTRODUCTION CONCLUSIONREFERENCES |
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Criticism exists that the current structure of CME may be ineffective in altering physician performance with its distant, disconnected, and teacher-centered approach to education.1–8 In a systematic review of the usefulness of CME strategies, Davis et al6 found that CME in North America is concentrated mostly in formal interventions (eg, conferences) that have limited impact in changing physician performance and/or health care outcomes. They attribute this ineffectiveness in part to the fact that most CME strategies are not individualized to the physician-learner.6 Physicians are expected to learn specific knowledge and skills presented in different formats by experts and then to incorporate this learning into their own practices at a later time. Content in CME activities, especially delivered by lectures, often is not immediately relevant to a participant’s clinical practice. Evidence has shown that if the new knowledge is not directly relevant to the physician, then it is less likely that he or she will be able to integrate it in a way that ultimately enhances patient outcomes.2 There are important aspects to CME that may have value for participants, including confirmation of medical knowledge and reinforcement of good clinical practice.
The methods to obtain CME chosen by practitioners are also shifting, as constraints of time and money are becoming increasingly influential in determining CME preferences. As clinical productivity demands have increased, physicians have found less time to allocate to CME activities and now desire more flexibility in meeting CME requirements for licensure and certification. A recent CME Needs Assessment Survey conducted by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) randomly sampled 5500 pediatricians. Of the 1233 respondents (response rate of 22%), the reason most often given for not attending the Annual AAP National Conference and Exhibition was that it "took too much time away from work."9 A similar physician CME preferences survey conducted on randomly selected members of the American Medical Association also cited meeting length and time away from practice as important factors influencing the decision whether to attend an out-of-town CME meeting.10 These 2 surveys further documented escalating costs as an issue contributing to limited CME attendance, as AAP and American Medical Association respondents respectively ranked it as the second and fifth most important reasons for not attending.9,10
On the basis of these trends in physician preferences and a national shift in the process of recertification within medical specialties, CME is beginning to evolve into continuous professional development (CPD), a much broader view of physician activities that are directed at improving physician performance and ultimately clinical care. CPD includes CME activities, as well as self-directed learning moments sparked by clinical experiences or by attempts to monitor and improve one’s clinical care. "In the practice-learning environment, a physician will begin an educational activity not by entering a conference room but by reflecting on his or her practice performance."3 Questions drawn from clinical experiences will stimulate learning opportunities. A fundamental premise yet to be proved is that self-directed learning, which places physicians in control of what they need to know and what they want to learn, will facilitate deeper and more enduring learning.1–3,7,11–13 New knowledge and skills acquired through this self-directed method may be more readily integrated into practice because the physician recognizes its relevance and application.
The Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education has recognized "that the professional responsibility of physicians requires continuous learning throughout their careers, appropriate to the individual physician’s needs," and that this requires them to "evaluate their own achievements."14 Physicians today are more accountable than ever before, "mean[ing] that doctors now have to demonstrate that they are developing professionally and that their activities are educational and cost-effective and improve their practice."5 In response to the need for "public accountability and the professional obligation for self-regulation," professional boards that oversee the certification process have embraced the concept of CPD as a key element in the recertification process.15 The American Board of Pediatrics (ABP), the American Board of Medical Specialists, and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education have also acknowledged the need for practice-based learning and CPD.16,17 Periodic testing of medical knowledge will no longer be the sole standard by which physicians are certified. Instead, physicians will be required to document their ongoing educational activities and to demonstrate evidence of practice change as a result of these efforts.16 Key elements of the ABP’s recertification program include professional standing, commitment to lifelong learning and involvement in periodic self-assessment, cognitive expertise, and evaluation of practice performance. The common threads that highlight this recertification process are 1) the importance of linking with practice-based activities, 2) the need for self-evaluation, and 3) the establishment of a lifelong and continuous approach to professional development.
The implementation of a program of CPD will require the use of sophisticated data management systems. Fortunately, the rapid growth in technology has provided physicians with resources and tools to aid them in a more individualized approach. The use of computers and the Internet will offer new possibilities for self-directed learning, specifically in the areas of clinical practice management and distance learning. Parboosingh18 with the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons developed the Maintenance of Competence program in 1993. In this innovative program, physicians used paper diaries (and later, software) to manage their self-directed learning activities. Self-directed learning is essential in CPD because it gives practitioners control over how and when they seek and acquire knowledge and then how they link it to their daily practice. In addition, self-directed learning addresses the growing practical concerns of time and cost needed to complete traditional CME by allowing increased flexibility in the development of educational plans that meet the individual needs of physicians.
Currently there are >150 web sites that offer online CME courses in comparison with only 13 just 3 years ago.19 Physicians who once struggled to find the time to dedicate to CME can now learn at their own pace, from the comfort of their own home or office computer. With an increase in the number of physicians who have computers and Internet access in their practices, current technology theoretically makes it possible to ask a question, learn about a topic in depth, find the answer, and then integrate it into practice without ever leaving the office.20 It is uncertain how quickly and how extensively physicians will use the Internet to meet their educational needs or to facilitate maintenance of certification. Considering the trends that we have cited, we believe that a significant proportion will adopt and embrace this technology.
So what does this mean for pediatricians? The AAP recently launched PediaLink, an online home for CPD. The final report of the Future of Pediatric Education II Project21 suggested that the lifelong educational needs of pediatricians are best met when they have an established "CME home." According to this report, a "CME home" should be designed to incorporate an assessment of the educational needs of the individual pediatrician, a database to facilitate access to local and national CME resources, and a system for constructing a professional learning plan unique to each individual pediatrician.
PediaLink was designed as an Internet-based learning system to meet these needs.8 The PediaLink home page (Fig 1) serves as a portal to its major features: CME, Resources, and Advanced Features. Within the CME area, pediatricians find and register for courses, maintain their transcripts of educational activities and credit hours, or participate in online curricular offerings. Resources enables access to clinical information, the educational resources of the AAP and its CME activities, practice guidelines, and policy statements. In the future, Resources will also include a host of reviewed and reliable non-AAP materials, such as journals, textbooks, drug databases, patient information, practice management tools, and hyperlinks to other web sites. Within the Advanced Features section, users can organize and manage aspects of CPD with documentation tools and materials to link learning activities with practice changes. On the basis of the ABP’s requirements for maintenance of certification, PediaLink offers an approach to help meet these licensure and certification requirements.16
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With this learning cycle as its foundation, PediaLink has been designed as a system to facilitate and document the process of self-directed learning. In Fig 2, the conceptual model of PediaLink is depicted with its 3 major components, superimposed within our adaptation of the Schön model. Figure 2 demonstrates the relationship between Learner Profile, Learning Plan, and Learner Portfolio within the cycle of learning. A pediatrician’s Learner Profile includes personal and professional data and individual learning needs with a system to prioritize and record topics that arise from clinical practice or as result of online self-assessment (eg, Pediatrics Review and Education Program). The Learning Plan facilitates self-directed learning by linking needs with resources and prompting the user with its built-in reminder system, thus making possible the transition from reflection-in-action to reflection-on-action. The final step in incorporating learning into practice is facilitated by the Learner Portfolio in which pediatricians document their practice changes and enhancements to patient care. Computer technology via the interface of the Internet has enabled efficient and rapid searches and made integrative distance learning possible.
To understand how PediaLink facilitates the learning cycle, it is helpful to imagine how a pediatrician might use the system and replicate our adapted learning cycle of Schön, as described in the following case scenario:
It is mid-morning, and a pediatrician evaluates in the office a patient with a skin rash resembling eczema. She notes groups of papules clustering in a linear manner that do not seem typical of eczema. She is uncertain how to explain the finding. The ability to identify specific questions that arise from clinical encounters constitutes an important first step in the process of self-directed learning. The pediatrician does not take the time then to find the answer to this question posed during the morning but jots down a note to look up "eczema" and "linear clusters of papules" later in the day.During the lunch hour, she logs onto PediaLink and enters the clinical dermatology question into her "want-to-know-more" database, Topic Tracker. In addition to assigning a priority to the topic, she performs a literature search and finds a review article on eczema. Although unable to find a relationship between eczema and linear clusters of papules, she determines that pediatric dermatology is an area that she would like to explore further in depth.
That evening after her children are asleep, she again logs onto PediaLink and now browses the options of CME courses. For this particular topic, she looks for a small-group activity rather than a lecture at a large conference. Within CME Finder, she can sort the courses by activity type and finds a conference at a convenient location featuring a workshop led by a prominent expert in pediatric dermatology. The description of the workshop indicates that participants will review cases and visual materials in a small group setting. The course suits her needs and fits into her schedule, so she registers for the course online.
While attending the workshop, the pediatrician learns several new management approaches to common skin diseases in children, including eczema. She records some of the "pearls" that she learned in her personal digital assistant with the intention of changing her own practice and applying what she has learned to her patients. In particular, she discovers a new drug, tacrolimus, that is a totally new class for use in eczema with a very favorable side effect profile. Its place in therapy is most appropriate for patients who experience side effects from topical steroids: thinning of the skin and significant hypopigmentation. That evening after completing the workshop, she records in PediaLink her intended practice change in My Next Steps. A few weeks after the conference, she sees a patient who has experienced significant side effects from topical steroids, so she prescribes tacrolimus. Thus, she has directly applied what she had learned and changed her management approach.
Over time, she records a number of "want-to-know-more" topics and resulting practice changes in PediaLink, most of which come from practice-stimulated questions. This record constitutes 1 aspect of her individual program of CPD. Each year when she prepares her submission for state licensure CME requirements, she finds the documentation of her formal CME hours and informal personal learning activities within My Transcript and can print the preformatted document without any additional preparation. Her use of the PediaLink learning system provides her with a personal portfolio of learning activities and practice improvements to support her maintenance of professional competence as a board-certified pediatrician.
The start of the new millennium marks a major shift in expectations for professional development and the maintenance of professional standing. In the past, it was sufficient to demonstrate periodically via written examination a base of professional knowledge for continuing certification within a field of medicine. Now we are obligated to maintain professional excellence in a time of enormously expanding knowledge and to ensure public trust. Furthermore, there is a pressing need to apply new knowledge to patients more rapidly to have more favorable outcomes. Raising the bar of expectations is intended to ensure public trust in the medical profession and to optimize the health status of our population.
At the same time that expectations for professional standing are in flux, patients have access to more medical information, bringing new challenges to the practice of medicine. The Internet is providing a quick reference to the latest knowledge for both physicians and patients. "More patients are showing up for office visits with up-to-the-minute information about their condition gleaned from Internet browsing. To keep pace, physicians have no choice but to use the same resources."25 To be effective in this age of information, physicians need to adjust their methods of acquiring and applying knowledge in practice. Although many physicians reject the notion of patients as " consumers," patients often are active consumers in their health care, especially in the acquisition of medical knowledge and information. This change in the knowledge and information demanded by patients may be an impetus for physicians to remain current in medical knowledge and might hasten the application of new knowledge to practice.
Despite the explosion of medical information and dramatic changes in practice, the transformation of the learning process for physicians may lead to a more unifying and simplistic approach adapted from the concept of the reflective practitioner.21 In this approach, learning is self-directed and focused on enhancing patient outcomes. We believe that PediaLink is a comprehensive learning system that offers 1 method to support this essential paradigm for continuous professional development. It will be very important to evaluate the PediaLink learning management system, exploring several research questions relating to its use, its utility, and, ultimately, its effectiveness in affecting the care of patients and the practice patterns of pediatricians. PediaLink is still in its early stages, but with increased use of the system and with updates and refinements of the web site (http://www.pedialink.org), the intent is to build an individualized system that will meet the objectives of promoting lifelong learning, improving practice, and maintaining professional excellence.
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CONCLUSION |
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TOPINTRODUCTIONCONCLUSIONREFERENCES |
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FOOTNOTES |
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Reprint requests to (T.C.S.) Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, 725 Welch Rd #5731, Palo Alto, CA 94304. E-mail: theodore.sectish{at}medcenter.stanford.edu
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REFERENCES |
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TOPINTRODUCTIONCONCLUSIONREFERENCES |
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This article has been cited by other articles:
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  S. Izatt Educational Perspectives: Portfolios: The Next Assessment Tool in Medical Education? NeoReviews, October 1, 2007; 8(10): e405 - e408. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. Kind, J. T. Benjamin, J. Parboosingh, E. Rothstein, R. Perelman, M. C. Badat, and H. Bernstein Learning in Practice and Maintaining Certification in Pediatrics Pediatr. Rev., May 1, 2007; 28(5): e23 - e29. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. C. Sectish, E. L. Zalneraitis, C. Carraccio, and R. E. Behrman The State of Pediatrics Residency Training: A Period of Transformation of Graduate Medical Education Pediatrics, September 1, 2004; 114(3): 832 - 841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Dougherty and L. A. Simpson Measuring the Quality of Children's Health Care: A Prerequisite to Action Pediatrics, January 1, 2004; 113(1/S1): 185 - 198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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