AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS |
Follow-up Management of Children with Tympanostomy Tubes
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT PROPOSED GUIDELINESBIBLIOGRAPHY |
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The follow-up care of children in whom tympanostomy tubes have been placed is shared by the pediatrician and the otolaryngologist. Guidelines are provided for routine follow-up evaluation, perioperative hearing assessment, and the identification of specific conditions and complications that warrant urgent otolaryngologic consultation. These guidelines have been developed by a consensus of expert opinions.
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PROPOSED GUIDELINES |
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TOPABSTRACTPROPOSED GUIDELINESBIBLIOGRAPHY |
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- The initial postoperative follow-up examination of the child in whom a tympanostomy tube has been placed should be performed by the otolaryngologist to verify the patency and functional status of the tube. This postoperative visit is usually performed within the first month after placement of the tube. Problems related to tubal patency and function can be addressed at this visit, past or present communication needs can be assessed, and a strategy can be outlined regarding the management of future otitis media episodes.
- The baseline hearing status of any child who has middle ear disease severe enough to warrant the placement of a tympanostomy tube needs to be determined. An audiologic evaluation should be performed postoperatively if normal hearing was not established preoperatively. The techniques and goals of the audiologic evaluation vary depending on the age and cooperation level of the child. Children who are too young to be tested by behavioral audiologic means (generally children 6 months and younger) can be assessed by otoacoustic emission or brainstem auditory evoked response testing. Children with persistent conductive or sensorineural hearing loss after placement of tympanostomy tubes require additional diagnostic workup.
- Because the average functional duration of a standard "short-term" ventilation tube has been estimated to range between 6 and 18 months with a mean of 13 months, follow-up examinations of children with tympanostomy tubes should be performed at intervals no longer than 6 months. Such interval ear examinations may be performed by the otolaryngologist or the pediatrician with documented communication (eg, letter, fax, e-mail) between the 2 physicians regarding the child’s otologic status.
- Complete tympanic membrane healing, adequate eustachian tube function, and normal hearing after extrusion or removal of the tympanostomy tube should be established before discharge from the otolaryngologist’s care.
- Some children with tympanostomy tubes may require referral to the otolaryngologist before planned interval examinations. These include but are not limited to:
- Children with chronic, recurrent, or unresponsive otorrhea;
- Children with hearing deterioration, balance difficulties, or persistent otalgia;
- Children in whom perforation, cholesteatoma, or other structural disease of the tympanic membrane is suspected (distinguishing such from myringosclerosis can sometimes be difficult);
- Symptomatic children with documented tympanostomy tube obstruction from cerumen, dry secretions, or granulation tissue;
- Symptomatic children in whom a previously placed tympanostomy tube cannot be visualized;
- Children in whom an extruded tympanostomy tube cannot be removed from the ear canal;
- Children with a documented medialized tympanostomy tube (a tube that has migrated into the middle ear space);
- Children who have retained a tympanostomy tube for more than 2 years;
- Children whose ears are difficult to examine because of external ear canal stenosis, as seen in some children with Down syndrome and other craniofacial syndromes; and
- Children with preexisting sensorineural hearing loss, documented language or developmental delay, or special needs in whom the additional conductive hearing compromise associated with a nonfunctional tympanostomy tube could be particularly debilitating.
- Children with chronic, recurrent, or unresponsive otorrhea;
SECTION ON OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND BRONCHOESOPHAGOLOGY, 2000–2001
- Michael J. Cunningham, MD, Chairperson
- David H. Darrow, MD, DDS
- Mark N. Goldstein, MD
- Andrew J. Hotaling, MD
- Bruce R. Maddern, MD
- Nina L. Shapiro, MD
- David H. Darrow, MD, DDS
LIAISON
- Anthony E. Magit, MD
- American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology
- American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology
CONSULTANTS
- Craig S. Derkay, MD
- Seth M. Pransky, MD
- Audie L. Whooley, MD
- Seth M. Pransky, MD
STAFF
- Chelsea Kirk
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BIBLIOGRAPHY |
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TOPABSTRACTPROPOSED GUIDELINESBIBLIOGRAPHY |
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General Review
Derkay CS, Caron JD, Wiatrak BJ, Choi SS, Jones JE. Postsurgical follow-up of children with tympanostomy tubes: results of the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Pediatric Otolaryngology Committee National Survey. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.2000 ;122 :313 –318
Isaacson G, Rosenfeld RN. Care of the child with tympanostomy tubes: a visual guide for the pediatrician.
Pediatrics.1994
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:924
–929
Audiologic Evaluation
Emery M, Weber PC. Hearing loss due to myringotomy with tube placement and the role of preoperative audiograms.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.1998
;124
:421
–424
Manning SC, Brown OE, Roland PS, Phillips DZ. Incidence of sensorineural hearing loss in patients evaluated for tympanostomy tubes.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.1994
;120
:881
–884
Otorrhea
Chloe RA, Hubbell RN. Antimicrobial activity of silastic tympanostomy tubes impregnated with silver oxide.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.1995
;121
:562
–565
Force RW, Hart MC, Plummer SA, Powell DA, Nahata MC. Topical ciprofloxacin for otorrhea after tympanostomy tube placement.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.1995
;121
:880
–884
Mandel EM, Casselbrant ML, Kurs-lasky M. Acute otorrhea: bacteriology of a common complication of tympanostomy tubes. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol.1994 ;103 :713 –718[Medline]
Indications for Tympanostomy Tube Removal
Cunningham MJ, Eavey RD, Krouse JH, Kiskaddon RM. Tympanostomy tubes: experience with removal.
Laryngoscope.1993
;103
:659
–662[Medline]
Sequelae of Tympanostomy Tube Extrusion/Removal
Bulkley WJ, Bowes AK, Marlowe JF. Complications following ventilation of the middle ear using Goode T tubes.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.1991
;117
:895
–898
Matt BH, Miller RP, Meyers RM, Campbell JM, Cotton RT. Incidence of perforation with Goode T tubes. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol.1991 ;21 :1 –6[CrossRef][Medline]
Maw AR, Bawden R. Tympanic membrane atrophy, scarring, atelectasis and attic retraction in persistent untreated OME and following ventilation tube insertion. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol.1994 ;30 :189 –204[CrossRef][Medline]
Nichols PT, Ramadan HH, Wax MK, Santrock RD. Relationship between tympanic membrane perforation and retained ventilation tubes.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.1998
;124
:417
–419
Tos M, Stangerup S-E. Hearing loss in tympanosclerosis caused by grommets.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.1989
;115
:931
–935
Weigel MT, Parker MY, Goldsmith MM, Postma DS, Pillsbury HC. A prospective randomized study of four commonly used tympanostomy tubes. Laryngoscope.1989 ;99 :252 –256[Medline]
PEDIATRICS (ISSN 1098-4275). ©2002 by the American Academy of Pediatrics
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