PEDIATRICS Vol. 109 No. 1 January 2002, pp. 45-60
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 Growth Charts for the United States: Improvements to the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics Version
* National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville, Maryland
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
Wright State University, Kettering, Ohio
 |
ABSTRACT |
|---|
 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
Objective. To present a clinical version of the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts and to compare them with the previous version, the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) growth charts.
Methods. The 2000 CDC percentile curves were developed in 2 stages. In the first stage, the empirical percentiles were smoothed by a variety of parametric and nonparametric procedures. To obtain corresponding percentiles and z scores, we approximated the smoothed percentiles using a modified LMS estimation procedure in the second stage. The charts include of a set of curves for infants, birth to 36 months of age, and a set for children and adolescents, 2 to 20 years of age.
Results. The charts represent a cross-section of children who live in the United States; breastfed infants are represented on the basis of their distribution in the US population. The 2000 CDC growth charts more closely match the national distribution of birth weights than did the 1977 NCHS growth charts, and the disjunction between weight-for-length and weight-for-stature or length-for-age and stature-for-age found in the 1977 charts has been corrected. Moreover, the 2000 CDC growth charts can be used to obtain both percentiles and z scores. Finally, body mass index-for-age charts are available for children and adolescents 2 to 20 years of age.
Conclusion. The 2000 CDC growth charts are recommended for use in the United States. Pediatric clinics should make the transition from the 1977 NCHS to the 2000 CDC charts for routine monitoring of growth in infants, children, and adolescents.
Key Words: growth charts • stature • length • weight • body mass index • head circumference • NHANES • preschool-age children • disjunction
Abbreviations: NCHS, National Center for Health Statistics • CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention • WHO, World Health Organization • BMI, body mass index • NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
|
INTRODUCTION |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
The 1977 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) growth charts for infants and older children1 have been used widely in pediatric practice to assess the nutritional and health status of children and to monitor individual growth. In 1978, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) produced a normalized version of the 1977 NCHS percentiles.2,3 The World Health Organization (WHO) subsequently adopted these normalized curves as an international reference (CDC/WHO growth charts).4–6 Researchers have used these 1978 charts to calculate prevalence estimates and z scores, compare populations, monitor trends, evaluate interventions, and define nutritional outcomes.
Concerns about the 1977 NCHS charts along with the availability of recent, comprehensive data, and improved statistical smoothing procedures, led to a revision of the charts and the release in May 2000 of the CDC growth charts for the United States.7 The main concerns about the 1977 NCHS charts centered on the use of Fels Research Institute8 data for the infant charts.9–11 Although not ideal, the Fels data were considered the best available data at the time and some of the limitations of incorporating them were clearly stated with the initial release.12 Nevertheless, 4 main issues related to using the Fels data led to criticisms of the 1977 growth charts. First, the data were not representative of the entire country; data from the Fels Institute were derived from white, middle-class infants living in southwestern Ohio between 1929 and 1975. Second, the infants in the Fels sample, similar to what was happening nationally during those years, were primarily formula fed. Third, birth weights in the Fels sample did not match the national distribution of birth weights. Fourth, differences between recumbent length in the Fels data set and stature in the national data used for the older child charts were too large, leading to a disjunction between the infant and older child growth curves between 24 and 36 months of age.2,3,9
Two other concerns about the 1977 NCHS growth charts also have been raised. First, the percentiles from the normalized version were not identical to the original 1977 NCHS percentiles. Second, the weight-for-stature charts ended at 10 or 11 years of age, making it impossible to evaluate weight adjusted for stature during adolescence.
The objective of this article is to present a clinical version of the 2000 CDC growth charts containing 2 charts per page with data entry boxes and to compare the 2000 CDC growth charts with the previous 1977 NCHS version.
|
METHODS |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
The 2000 CDC growth charts consist of a set of curves for infants, birth to 36 months of age, and a set for children and adolescents, 2 to 20 years of age. The infant growth charts consist of curves for weight-for-age, recumbent length-for-age, head circumference-for-age, and weight-for-recumbent length. The growth charts for children and adolescents include weight-for-age, stature-for-age, and body mass index (BMI)-for-age. In addition, weight-for-stature charts were created for children between 77 and 121 cm in stature that are applicable primarily to children 2 to 5 years of age.7
National data collected in a series of 5 surveys between 1963 and 1994 were used to develop the 2000 CDC growth charts.7 The most recent was the NCHS/CDC Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–1994). This survey was designed as a stratified, multistage probability sample based on the selection of counties, blocks, households, and persons within households.13 Preschool-age children were oversampled for the specific purpose of revising the 1977 NCHS growth charts. Similar to the previous health examination surveys, NHANES III consisted of a home interview and a standardized physical examination conducted in a mobile examination center. The physical examination included measurements of recumbent length, stature, weight, and head circumference. Head circumference and recumbent length were measured in children younger than 4 years, and stature was measured in children 2 years and older. Infants wore diapers, and children wore paper examination gowns and foam slippers.
In the infant charts, additional data were added at birth and during the first few months of life where national data were not available. These data sources included national birth certificate data for birth weight, birth lengths recorded in Missouri and Wisconsin, head circumference at birth from the Fels Research Institute, and length data from a subset of CDC’s Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System between 0.5 and 4.5 months of age.
Two substantial data exclusions were made before specific charts were created. First, all very low birth weight infants (<1500 g) were excluded from the infant growth charts. These infants have substantially different growth patterns than normal birth weight infants, and specialized growth charts for infants with birth weight <1500 g are available.14–18 Second, all charts with weight and BMI exclude data from NHANES III for children ages 6 years and older. This exclusion was made because of the higher prevalence of overweight in this sample as compared with data from previous surveys.19 NHANES III had an unduly high influence on the curves compared with the other surveys. The NHANES III data alone shifted the upper percentiles of the weight and BMI curves, resulting in higher values for the 85th and 95th percentiles. Because the 85th percentile of BMI has been recommended as a cutoff to identify children and adolescents who are at risk for becoming overweight,20,21 the inclusion of NHANES III would lead to misclassification of overweight children as not overweight.
The smoothed percentile curves were developed in 2 stages. In the first stage, selected weighted empirical percentiles (3rd, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th, and 97th) for specific age groups were smoothed with a variety of parametric and nonparametric procedures. The 85th percentile was also smoothed in the BMI-for-age charts. In the second stage, normalized growth curves were constructed to approximate the statistically smoothed empirical percentiles. These normalized curves were calculated using a modified LMS estimation procedure. The modified LMS procedure applies the LMS technique to smoothed curves as compared with the original LMS procedure, which is applied directly to the data points. Three parameters are estimated in this technique, L (the skewness parameter in the Box-Cox transformation), M (the median), and S (the generalized coefficient of variation). Then, using the equations below, a specific percentile or z score (Z) can be obtained:
 |
Clinical versions of the 2000 CDC growth charts are presented in Figs 1 to 10. They include boxes for data entry and are scaled to metric units. Length-for-age and weight-for-age percentiles are displayed in Figs 1 and 2 for infant boys and girls; head circumference-for-age and weight-for-length percentiles for infant boys and girls are displayed in Figs 3 and 4. Figures 5 and 6 contain stature-for-age and weight-for-age percentiles for boys and girls ages 2 to 20 years. Figures 7 and 8 show BMI-for-age for boys and girls with the formula for calculating BMI included in the data entry box. Finally, Figs 9 and 10 contain weight-for-stature percentiles for boys and girls with statures between 77 and 121 cm. These charts are available on the Internet (http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
RESULTS |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
For demonstrating how some of the concerns about the 1977 NCHS growth charts were addressed in the revision, the 1977 NCHS and normalized 1978 CDC/WHO growth charts based on the NCHS charts were compared with the 2000 CDC growth charts. Specific issues regarding the distribution of birth weights and the disjunction between length and stature were evaluated using data from the national distribution of birth weights and NHANES III.
The analytic data set from NHANES III included measurements of 1115 children between 24 and 35.9 months of age. Of the 1281 2-year-old children examined in NHANES III, 155 were excluded because of missing values for stature, length, or weight. Eleven children were excluded because their stature and length measurements differed by 
5 cm. In the analyses of the weight-for-length and weight-for-stature curves, another 504 children were excluded because their values fell outside the stature range of the 1977 NCHS growth charts.
SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and SUDAAN (Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC) were used to analyze the NHANES III data. All analyses included sample weights that account for the unequal probabilities of selection and nonresponse in the examination component of NHANES III. For accounting for the complex sample design, SUDAAN was used to calculate sampling errors.
Representativeness
Unlike the 1977 NCHS growth charts, the 2000 CDC growth charts for infants birth to 36 months are representative of a cross-section of children living in the United States between 1971 and 1994. Slightly more than 14% of the children included in the 2000 CDC growth charts database are black, which approximately represents the proportion of the 1980 US population of this age who were black.25 This reflects that the charts were created from nationally representative samples of infants, children, and adolescents, supplemented with data from additional sources, primarily at birth, where national survey data were absent.
Infant Feeding
Breastfed infants are included in the 2000 CDC growth charts proportional to their distribution in the US population during the past 30 years. During the past 2 decades, approximately half of US infants reportedly were breastfed; and among infants born from 1972 to 1994, approximately one-third were breastfed for at least 3 months.26 In NHANES II and III, approximately 50% of infants were ever breastfed and approximately 29% were still breastfed at 3 months. Data on breastfeeding were not available for NHANES I.
Birth Weights
The 2000 CDC growth charts more closely match the national distribution of birth weights than did the 1977 NCHS growth charts. Figures 11 and 12 show the differences between specific percentile values of the national distribution of birth weights in 1977 and the percentile values at birth from the 1977 NCHS growth charts and, similarly, the differences between the birth weight percentiles in 1998 and in the 2000 CDC growth charts for boys and girls. The 1998 national distribution of birth weights excludes very low birth weight infants (<1500 g) to be consistent with the exclusion made in the 2000 CDC growth charts. Birth weights represented in the 1977 NCHS growth charts were lower than the national birth weight distribution by >100 g at the 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles for both boys and girls. Although not shown, the differences between the birth points on the normalized CDC/WHO growth charts and the national distribution in 1977 are generally greater than the differences between the 1977 NCHS growth charts and the 1977 national distribution. Compared with the differences in 1977, the differences between the national distribution in 1998 and the 2000 CDC growth charts are generally smaller, except for the lower percentiles of girls, and more consistent. The birth weights in the 2000 CDC growth charts all are higher than the values in the 1998 national distribution. It should be noted that 1998 natality data were not used in smoothing the 2000 growth charts. Natality data from 1968 to 1980 and 1985 to 1994 were included in the construction of the 2000 CDC growth charts because these years correspond to the years in which the infants in the national surveys were born.
|
, 1977 natality minus 1977 NCHS growth charts; 
, 1998 natality minus 2000 CDC growth charts.
|
Disjunction
In the 1977 versions of the growth charts, there was a larger-than-expected disjunction between length and stature. A child’s measured length is generally greater than his or her stature; however, a child should fall at the same percentile for length as for stature. This was not true in the 1977 NCHS growth charts because there was an inconsistent relationship between the length and stature percentiles for both weight-for-length and weight-for-stature and for length-for-age and stature-for-age (Figs 13 and 14). The differences between the length and stature curves were inconsistent by age, percentile, or length values. Figure 13 shows the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles of the 1977 NCHS and 2000 CDC weight-for-length and weight-for-stature curves for girls 75 to 110 cm in length or stature. Figure 14 shows the same percentiles for the length-for-age and stature-for-age curves for girls ages 24 to 36 months. These figures demonstrate the disjunctions in the 1977 NCHS charts and a consistent 0.8-cm parallel difference in the 2000 CDC charts based on the calculated mean difference between length and stature in children 24 to 36 months of age in NHANES II and III.
|
|
The disjunction between length and stature in the 1977 NCHS growth charts can also be observed by estimating the percentage of 2-year-old children in NHANES III who fall below the 5th percentile and above the 95th percentile of the weight-for-length, weight-for-stature, length-for-age, and stature-for-age growth curves. If there were no disjunction, then the percentage of children who fall below the 5th percentile would be the same using the weight-for-length and weight-for-stature or length-for-age and stature-for-age curves. This also would be true for the percentage above the 95th percentile of the length and stature curves. Tables 1 and 2 show these percentages using the 1977 NCHS and 2000 CDC growth charts.
|
|
At the low end of the distribution of weight-for-length and weight-for-stature, little variation is seen. The differences in the percentage at <5th percentile (underweight) between the weight-for-length and weight-for-stature curves for either the 1977 or 2000 growth charts are not large.
At the 95th percentile, more variation is seen. There are large differences in the proportion at >95th percentile (overweight) between the weight-for-length and weight-for-stature charts for both boys and girls using the 1977 NCHS growth charts. For 2-year-old boys in NHANES III, approximately 9% were above the 95th percentile using the weight-for-length chart, whereas approximately 4% of the same children were above the 95th percentile using the weight-for-stature chart. For 2-year-old girls, the rates were 20% and 4%, respectively. These differences do not occur using the 2000 CDC charts. In fact, in logistic regression,27 the 2000 CDC growth charts were more likely to predict accurately underweight or overweight based on weight-for-stature from underweight or overweight based on weight-for-length than the 1977 NCHS growth charts. Moreover, the large difference in prevalence of overweight by gender using the 1977 NCHS weight-for-length curve does not exist using the 2000 CDC weight-for-length curve.
Compared with weight-for-length and weight-for-stature, the 1977 disjunction between length and stature is not as striking when looking at length-for-age and stature-for-age (Table 2). The only striking differences between length-for-age and stature-for-age in the 1977 NCHS growth charts occur at the 5th percentile, where approximately 9% of 2-year-old boys from NHANES III are below the 5th percentile of length-for-age, whereas almost 5% of the same boys are below the 5th percentile of stature-for-age. For 2-year-old girls, the values were almost 11% and 6%, respectively. There is virtually no difference between length-for-age and stature-for-age at the 5th percentile using the 2000 CDC growth charts. Similar to weight-for-stature and weight-for-length, logistic regression results indicate that the same result is likely to be obtained with length-for-age and stature-for-age using the 2000 CDC growth charts, whereas different results are expected between length-for-age and stature-for-age in the 1977 NCHS growth charts.
One Version of Charts for Both Percentiles and z Scores
As described earlier, the 2000 CDC growth charts can be used to obtain both percentiles and z scores. This is a major change from the 1977 growth charts, whereby the 1977 NCHS percentiles and the normalized CDC/WHO percentiles, used to obtain z scores, sometimes produced different results. The difference between the 1977 NCHS and CDC/WHO versions was particularly evident at the 5th and 95th percentiles, where undernutrition and overnutrition are commonly identified. For example, when the CDC/WHO version was used to identify overweight, as >95th percentile of weight-for-stature, a child was more likely to be classified as overweight than if the 1977 NCHS curves were used. Figure 15 shows that the 95th percentile of the 1977 version of weight-for-stature is higher than the CDC/WHO normalized version. This is no longer a problem with the 2000 CDC growth charts because there is only 1 version of the charts.
|
BMI-for-Age
The 1977 NCHS and CDC/WHO growth charts did not have curves to evaluate weight as a function of stature during adolescence. The prepubescent weight-for-stature charts stopped at age 10 for girls and 11 for boys. In the 2000 CDC version, the BMI chart is available for children and adolescents 2 to 20 years of age. BMI is recommended for screening overweight in children and adolescents.20,21
|
DISCUSSION |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
The 2000 CDC growth charts are an improvement to the 1977 NCHS and normalized CDC/WHO growth charts. These charts can be found on the Internet (www.cdc.gov/growthcharts) and in CDC’s Epi Info (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA) software program, where both exact percentiles and z scores can be calculated. The Fels data used in the 1977 version have been replaced with national data, and there is only 1 version of the growth charts for calculating percentiles and z scores. Moreover, BMI-for-age is now available for ages 2 to 20 years. The clinical version of the charts presented here provides users with metric scaled charts that contain data entry boxes.
Unlike the 1977 NCHS growth charts, the 2000 CDC growth charts are based on the current mix of breastfed and formula-fed infants in the United States. Breastfed infants may grow differently from formula-fed infants in the first year of life,28–30 and current feeding recommendations advise that infants be exclusively breastfed in the early months and that partial breastfeeding continue for at least 1 year.31,32 Dewey et al33 showed that the 2000 CDC weight curve still does not correspond exactly to the weight of infants who are breastfed for at least 12 months. The mean weight of the breastfed infants was higher than the 50th percentile of the 2000 CDC growth charts before 6 months of age but below the 50th percentile after 6 months of age. Mean length, however, was very close to the 2000 CDC 50th percentile. Adequate national data do not exist for exclusively or predominantly breastfed infants, so creation of growth charts for breastfed infants is not possible. Nonetheless, the assessment of growth in breastfed infants on the 2000 CDC growth charts can be made. Clinicians may wish to take into account type of feeding when making the assessment. The WHO is currently developing growth charts for preschool-age children based on prescriptive criteria for feeding.34 Unlike the 1977 NCHS or 2000 CDC curves, the new WHO growth charts will be based on breastfed infants and will contain data from study centers in 6 countries.
There is no disjunction between weight-for-length and weight-for-stature or length-for-age and stature-for-age in the 2000 CDC growth charts. In this version, differences reflect the biological differences between recumbent length and stature. Although an individual child may be above the 95th percentile of weight-for-length but not above the 95th percentile of weight-for-stature using the 1977 curves, similar findings are much less likely using the 2000 CDC curves. Dibley et al2,3 found a disparity similar to that found in this analysis when they compared data from 2-year-old children in NHANES II with the CDC/WHO growth charts. Any differences in prevalence by gender using the 2000 CDC length and stature curves is likely to be attributable to biological differences between length and stature.
The 2000 CDC growth charts are an improvement to the 1977 NCHS growth charts. They are based on samples of children from 2 months to 20 years of age and include breastfed and formula-fed infants. The weight curves include national birth weight data, and the length curves include birth length data from 2 states. A disjunction as a result of different data sources did not occur. In addition, the overlapping portions of the curves for recumbent length and stature from 24 to 36 months of age were made parallel to each other during the smoothing process. The minimized disjunctions are attributable to inherent differences between length and stature measures.
The 2000 CDC growth charts are recommended for use in the United States. Pediatric clinics should make the transition from the 1977 NCHS to the 2000 CDC charts for routine monitoring of growth in infants, children, and adolescents.
|
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
|---|
We thank Catherine Duran and Kenneth Schoendorf, MD, for providing the national distributions of birth weights.
|
FOOTNOTES |
|---|
Received for publication Apr 18, 2001; Accepted Jul 24, 2001.
Reprint requests to (C.L.O.) Division of Health Examination Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6525 Belcrest Rd, Rm 900, Hyattsville, MD 20782. E-mail: cao9{at}cdc.gov
|
REFERENCES |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
- Hamill PV, Drizd TA, Johnson CL, Reed RB, Roche AF, Moore WM. Physical growth: National Center for Health Statistics percentiles. Am J Clin Nutr.1979; 32 :607 –629[Abstract]
- Dibley MJ, Goldsby JB, Staehling NW, Trowbridge FL. Development of normalized curves for the international growth reference: historical and technical considerations. Am J Clin Nutr.1987; 46 :736 –748[Abstract]
- Dibley MJ, Staehling N, Nieburg P, Trowbridge FL. Interpretation of Z-score anthropometric indicators derived from the international growth reference. Am J Clin Nutr.1987; 46 :749 –762[Abstract]
- World Health Organization. A Growth Chart for International Use in Maternal and Child Health Care: Guidelines for Primary Health Care Personnel. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 1978
- Sullivan K, Trowbridge F, Gorstein J, Pradilla A. Growth references. Lancet.1991; 337 :1420 –1421
- Graitcer PL, Gentry EM. Measuring children: one reference for all. Lancet.1981; 2 :297 –299[Medline]
- Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Grummer-Strawn LM, et al. CDC growth charts: United States. Adv Data.2000; 314 :1 –27[Medline]
- Roche AF. Growth, Maturation and Body Composition: The Fels Longitudinal Study 1929– 1991. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1992
- Roche AF. Executive Summary of the Growth Chart Workshop, December 1992. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 1994
- de Onis M, Yip R. The WHO growth chart: historical considerations and current scientific issues. Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1996;53:74–89
- Cole TJ. A critique of the NCHS weight for height standard. Hum Biol.1985; 57 :183 –196[Medline]
- Hamill PV, Drizd TA, Johnson CL, Reed RB, Roche AF. NCHS growth curves for children birth-18 years United States. Vital Health Stat 11.1977; 165 :1 –74[Medline]
- Plan and operation of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–94. Vital Health Stat 1.1994; 32 :1 –407[Medline]
- Guo SS, Roche AF, Chumlea WC, Casey PH, Moore WM. Growth in weight, recumbent length, and head circumference for preterm low-birthweight infants during the first three years of life using gestation-adjusted ages. Early Hum Dev.1997; 47 :305 –325[Medline]
- Guo SS, Wholihan K, Roche AF, Chumlea WC, Casey PH. Weight-for-length reference data for preterm, low birth weight infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.1996; 150 :964 –970[Medline]
- Casey PH, Kraemer HC, Bernbaum J, et al. Growth patterns of low birth weight preterm infants: a longitudinal analysis of a large varied sample. J Pediatr.1990; 117 :298 –307[Medline]
- Casey PH, Kraemer HC, Bernbaum J, Yogman MW, Sells JC. Growth status and growth rates of a varied sample of low birth weight, preterm infants: a longitudinal cohort from birth to three years of age. J Pediatr.1991; 119 :599 –605[Medline]
- Brandt I. Growth dynamics of low birth weight infants with emphasis on the perinatal period. In: Falkner F, Tanner JM, eds. Human Growth: 2. Postnatal Growth. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1978:557–617
- Troiano RP, Flegal KM, Kuczmarski RJ, Campbell SM, Johnson CL. Overweight prevalence and trends for children and adolescents: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1963 to 1991. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.1995; 149 :1085 –1091[Medline]
- Himes JH, Dietz WH. Guidelines for overweight in adolescent preventive services: recommendations from an expert committee. Am J Clin Nutr.1994; 59 :307 –316[Abstract]
- Barlow SE, Dietz WH. Obesity evaluation and treatment: Expert Committee recommendations. The Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services. Pediatrics.1998; 102(3) . Available at: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/102/3/e29
- Cole TJ. The LMS method for constructing normalized growth standards. Eur J Clin Nutr.1990; 44 :45 –60
- Mei Z, Yip R, Grummer-Strawn LM, Trowbridge FL. Development of a research child growth reference and its comparison with the current international growth reference. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.1998; 152 :471 –479[Medline]
- Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo S, et al. 2000 CDC Growth Charts for the United States. Hyattsville, MD: NCHS; In press
- Population Estimates Program. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau; 1990
- National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 1998 With Socioeconomic Status and Health Chartbook. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 1998
- Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. Applied Logistic Regression. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; 1989
- Dewey KG, Heinig MJ, Nommsen LA, Peerson JM, Lonnerdal B. Growth of breast-fed and formula-fed infants from 0 to 18 months: the DARLING Study. Pediatrics.1992; 89 :1035 –1041[Abstract]
- Dewey KG, Peerson JM, Brown KH, et al. Growth of breast-fed infants deviates from current reference data: a pooled analysis of US, Canadian, and European data sets. Pediatrics.1995; 96 :495 –503[Abstract]
- WHO Working Group on the Growth Reference Protocol, WHO Task Force on Methods for the Natural Regulation of Fertility. Growth patterns of breastfed infants in seven countries. Acta Paediatr.2000; 89 :215 –222[Medline]
- American Academy of Pediatrics. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk (RE9729). Pediatrics.1997; 100 :1035 –1039[Abstract/Full Text]
- American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition. Pediatric Nutrition Handbook. 4th Ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 1998
- Dewey KG. Nutrition, growth and complementary feeding of the breastfed infant. Pediatr Clin North Am.2001; 48 :87 –104[Medline]
- WHO Working Group on the Growth Reference Protocol. A Growth Curve for the 21st Century: The WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 1998
PEDIATRICS (ISSN 1098-4275). ©2002 by the American Academy of Pediatrics
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us 
Digg 
Facebook 
Reddit 
Technorati 
Twitter What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  T. Sir-Petermann, E. Codner, V. Perez, B. Echiburu, M. Maliqueo, A. Ladron de Guevara, J. Preisler, N. Crisosto, F. Sanchez, F. Cassorla, et al. Metabolic and Reproductive Features before and during Puberty in Daughters of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2009; 94(6): 1923 - 1930. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. G. Kaditis, E. Alexopoulos, K. Chaidas, G. Ntamagka, A. Karathanasi, I. Tsilioni, T. S. Kiropoulos, E. Zintzaras, and K. Gourgoulianis Urine Concentrations of Cysteinyl Leukotrienes in Children With Obstructive Sleep-Disordered Breathing Chest, June 1, 2009; 135(6): 1496 - 1501. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Gundersen, S. Garasky, and B. J. Lohman Food Insecurity Is Not Associated with Childhood Obesity as Assessed Using Multiple Measures of Obesity J. Nutr., June 1, 2009; 139(6): 1173 - 1178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Hoffman, D. L. Franko, D. R. Thompson, T. J. Power, and V. A. Stallings Longitudinal Behavioral Effects of a School-Based Fruit and Vegetable Promotion Program J. Pediatr. Psychol., May 13, 2009; (2009) jsp041v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Suwan-ampai, A. Navas-Acien, P. T. Strickland, and J. Agnew Involuntary Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Urinary Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the United States, 1999 to 2002 Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2009; 18(3): 884 - 893. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. H. Petty, C. L. Davis, J. Tkacz, D. Young-Hyman, and J. L. Waller Exercise Effects on Depressive Symptoms and Self-Worth in Overweight Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial J. Pediatr. Psychol., February 16, 2009; (2009) jsp007v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Danner, R. Joeckel, S. Michalak, S. Phillips, and P. S. Goday Weight Velocity in Infants and Children Nutr Clin Pract, February 1, 2009; 24(1): 76 - 79. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. E Ziegler, S. E Nelson, and J. M Jeter Iron supplementation of breastfed infants from an early age Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2009; 89(2): 525 - 532. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N Z Ehounoux, M-V Zunzunegui, L Seguin, B Nikiema, and L Gauvin Duration of lack of money for basic needs and growth delay in the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development birth cohort J Epidemiol Community Health, January 1, 2009; 63(1): 45 - 49. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Gozal and L. Kheirandish-Gozal Obesity and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Prepubertal Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Pediatrics, January 1, 2009; 123(1): 13 - 18. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. H. Inge, G. Miyano, J. Bean, M. Helmrath, A. Courcoulas, C. M. Harmon, M. K. Chen, K. Wilson, S. R. Daniels, V. F. Garcia, et al. Reversal of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Improvements in Cardiovascular Risk Factors After Surgical Weight Loss in Adolescents Pediatrics, January 1, 2009; 123(1): 214 - 222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. Spooner and D. C. Classen Data Standards and Improvement of Quality and Safety in Child Health Care Pediatrics, January 1, 2009; 123(Supplement_2): S74 - S79. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. J. Sharma, M. E. Cogswell, and R. Li Dose-Response Associations Between Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Subsequent Childhood Obesity: Effect Modification by Maternal Race/Ethnicity in a Low-Income US Cohort Am. J. Epidemiol., November 1, 2008; 168(9): 995 - 1007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Gundersen, B. J. Lohman, S. Garasky, S. Stewart, and J. Eisenmann Food Security, Maternal Stressors, and Overweight Among Low-Income US Children: Results From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2002) Pediatrics, September 1, 2008; 122(3): e529 - e540. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. D. G. Baxter-Jones, J. C. Eisenmann, R. L. Mirwald, R. A. Faulkner, and D. A. Bailey The influence of physical activity on lean mass accrual during adolescence: a longitudinal analysis J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2008; 105(2): 734 - 741. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. G. Kaditis, M. G. Ioannou, K. Chaidas, E. I. Alexopoulos, M. Apostolidou, T. Apostolidis, G. Koukoulis, and K. Gourgoulianis Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptors Are Expressed by Tonsillar T Cells of Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Chest, August 1, 2008; 134(2): 324 - 331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Denney-Wilson, L. L. Hardy, T. Dobbins, A. D. Okely, and L. A. Baur Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Chronic Disease Risk Factors in Australian Adolescents Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, June 1, 2008; 162(6): 566 - 573. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Prabhakaran, M. Misra, K. K. Miller, K. Kruczek, S. Sundaralingam, D. B. Herzog, D. K. Katzman, and A. Klibanski Determinants of Height in Adolescent Girls With Anorexia Nervosa Pediatrics, June 1, 2008; 121(6): e1517 - e1523. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. E F Crowley Overview of human obesity and central mechanisms regulating energy homeostasis Ann Clin Biochem, May 1, 2008; 45(3): 245 - 255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T H Jafar, Z Qadri, M Islam, J Hatcher, Z A Bhutta, and N Chaturvedi Rise in childhood obesity with persistently high rates of undernutrition among urban school-aged Indo-Asian children Arch. Dis. Child., May 1, 2008; 93(5): 373 - 378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Schwartz, D. R. Jacobs Jr., A. Moran, J. Steinberger, C.-P. Hong, and A. R. Sinaiko Measurement of Insulin Sensitivity in Children: Comparison between the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and surrogate measures Diabetes Care, April 1, 2008; 31(4): 783 - 788. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Nash, D. Secker, M. Corey, M. Dunn, and D. L. O'Connor Field Testing of the 2006 World Health Organization Growth Charts From Birth to 2 Years: Assessment of Hospital Undernutrition and Overnutrition Rates and the Usefulness of BMI JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, March 1, 2008; 32(2): 145 - 153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Gundersen, B. J. Lohman, J. C. Eisenmann, S. Garasky, and S. D. Stewart Child-Specific Food Insecurity and Overweight Are Not Associated in a Sample of 10- to 15-Year-Old Low-Income Youth J. Nutr., February 1, 2008; 138(2): 371 - 378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Nguyen, C. McCulloch, P. Brakeman, A. Portale, and C.-y. Hsu Being Overweight Modifies the Association Between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Microalbuminuria in Adolescents Pediatrics, January 1, 2008; 121(1): 37 - 45. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Amin, V. K. Somers, K. McConnell, P. Willging, C. Myer, M. Sherman, G. McPhail, A. Morgenthal, M. Fenchel, J. Bean, et al. Activity-Adjusted 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Cardiac Remodeling in Children with Sleep Disordered Breathing Hypertension, January 1, 2008; 51(1): 84 - 91. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Sung, B. J. Lange, R. B. Gerbing, T. A. Alonzo, and J. Feusner Microbiologically documented infections and infection-related mortality in children with acute myeloid leukemia Blood, November 15, 2007; 110(10): 3532 - 3539. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Aeberli, R. Biebinger, R. Lehmann, D. l'Allemand, G. A. Spinas, and M. B. Zimmermann Serum Retinol-Binding Protein 4 Concentration and Its Ratio to Serum Retinol Are Associated with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Components in Children J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2007; 92(11): 4359 - 4365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Aeberli, M. B Zimmermann, L. Molinari, R. Lehmann, D. l'Allemand, G. A Spinas, and K. Berneis Fructose intake is a predictor of LDL particle size in overweight schoolchildren Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2007; 86(4): 1174 - 1178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. A. Monteiro, W. L. Conde, and B. M. Popkin Income-Specific Trends in Obesity in Brazil: 1975 2003 Am J Public Health, October 1, 2007; 97(10): 1808 - 1812. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. E. Anderson, P. Cohen, E. N. Naumova, P. F. Jacques, and A. Must Adolescent Obesity and Risk for Subsequent Major Depressive Disorder and Anxiety Disorder: Prospective Evidence Psychosom Med, October 1, 2007; 69(8): 740 - 747. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. J Cole, K. M Flegal, D. Nicholls, and A. A Jackson Body mass index cut offs to define thinness in children and adolescents: international survey BMJ, July 28, 2007; 335(7612): 194 - 194. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. S Freedman, H. S Kahn, Z. Mei, L. M Grummer-Strawn, W. H Dietz, S. R Srinivasan, and G. S Berenson Relation of body mass index and waist-to-height ratio to cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2007; 86(1): 33 - 40. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. L Weng, J. Shults, M. B Leonard, V. A Stallings, and B. S Zemel Risk factors for low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in otherwise healthy children and adolescents Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2007; 86(1): 150 - 158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Crisosto, E. Codner, M. Maliqueo, B. Echiburu, F. Sanchez, F. Cassorla, and T. Sir-Petermann Anti-Mullerian Hormone Levels in Peripubertal Daughters of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2007; 92(7): 2739 - 2743. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Wraith, M. Beck, R. Lane, A. van der Ploeg, E. Shapiro, Y. Xue, E. D. Kakkis, and N. Guffon Enzyme Replacement Therapy in Patients Who Have Mucopolysaccharidosis I and Are Younger Than 5 Years: Results of a Multinational Study of Recombinant Human {alpha}-L-Iduronidase (Laronidase) Pediatrics, July 1, 2007; 120(1): e37 - e46. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. J. Kalkwarf, B. S. Zemel, V. Gilsanz, J. M. Lappe, M. Horlick, S. Oberfield, S. Mahboubi, B. Fan, M. M. Frederick, K. Winer, et al. The Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study: Bone Mineral Content and Density According to Age, Sex, and Race J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2007; 92(6): 2087 - 2099. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Chandar, C. Abitbol, B. Montane, and G. Zilleruelo Angiotensin blockade as sole treatment for proteinuric kidney disease in children Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., May 1, 2007; 22(5): 1332 - 1337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Kenet, R. C. Froemke, C. E. Schreiner, I. N. Pessah, and M. M. Merzenich Perinatal exposure to a noncoplanar polychlorinated biphenyl alters tonotopy, receptive fields, and plasticity in rat primary auditory cortex PNAS, May 1, 2007; 104(18): 7646 - 7651. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Seguin, B. Nikiema, L. Gauvin, M.-V. Zunzunegui, and Q. Xu Duration of Poverty and Child Health in the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development: Longitudinal Analysis of a Birth Cohort Pediatrics, May 1, 2007; 119(5): e1063 - e1070. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Phillips, A. Edlbeck, M. Kirby, and P. Goday Ideal Body Weight in Children Nutr Clin Pract, April 1, 2007; 22(2): 240 - 245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. D. Salbe, R. S. Lindsay, C. B. Collins, P. A. Tataranni, J. Krakoff, and J. C. Bunt Comparison of Plasma Insulin Levels after a Mixed-Meal Challenge in Children with and without Intrauterine Exposure to Diabetes J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2007; 92(2): 624 - 628. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. R. Laurson and J. C. Eisenmann Prevalence of Overweight Among High School Football Linemen JAMA, January 24, 2007; 297(4): 363 - 364. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. A. Feinstein, R. Gomez, S. Gordon, K. Cruise, and D. DePrato Prevalence of Overweight Youth Among a Population of Incarcerated Juveniles Journal of Correctional Health Care, January 1, 2007; 13(1): 39 - 44. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E Bertino, S Milani, C Fabris, and M De Curtis Neonatal anthropometric charts: what they are, what they are not Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed., January 1, 2007; 92(1): F7 - F10. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Hijiya, J. C. Panetta, Y. Zhou, E. P. Kyzer, S. C. Howard, S. Jeha, B. I. Razzouk, R. C. Ribeiro, J. E. Rubnitz, M. M. Hudson, et al. Body mass index does not influence pharmacokinetics or outcome of treatment in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia Blood, December 15, 2006; 108(13): 3997 - 4002. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. G. Kaditis, E. I. Alexopoulos, F. Hatzi, E. Kostadima, M. Kiaffas, E. Zakynthinos, and K. Gourgoulianis Overnight change in brain natriuretic Peptide levels in children with sleep-disordered breathing. Chest, November 1, 2006; 130(5): 1377 - 1384. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. H. Casey, P. M. Simpson, J. M. Gossett, M. L. Bogle, C. M. Champagne, C. Connell, D. Harsha, B. McCabe-Sellers, J. M. Robbins, J. E. Stuff, et al. The Association of Child and Household Food Insecurity With Childhood Overweight Status Pediatrics, November 1, 2006; 118(5): e1406 - e1413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Aeberli, L. Molinari, G. Spinas, R. Lehmann, D. l'Allemand, and M. B Zimmermann Dietary intakes of fat and antioxidant vitamins are predictors of subclinical inflammation in overweight Swiss children. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2006; 84(4): 748 - 755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. M. COUTINHO, T. LEENSTRA, L. P. ACOSTA, L. SU, B. JARILLA, M. A. JIZ, G. C. LANGDON, R. M. OLVEDA, S. T. MCGARVEY, J. D. KURTIS, et al. PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND C-REACTIVE PROTEIN ARE ASSOCIATED WITH UNDERNUTRITION IN THE CONTEXT OF SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM INFECTION. Am J Trop Med Hyg, October 1, 2006; 75(4): 720 - 726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. J. Choi, Y. E. Jo, Y. K. Kim, S. M. Ahn, S. H. Jung, H. J. Kim, Y.-S. Chung, K. W. Lee, and D. J. Kim High Plasma Concentration of Remnant Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Obese Children and Adolescents Diabetes Care, October 1, 2006; 29(10): 2305 - 2310. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. D. Stevenson, M. Conaway, W. C. Chumlea, P. Rosenbaum, E. B. Fung, R. C. Henderson, G. Worley, G. Liptak, M. O'Donnell, L. Samson-Fang, et al. Growth and Health in Children With Moderate-to-Severe Cerebral Palsy Pediatrics, September 1, 2006; 118(3): 1010 - 1018. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. I. Gafni, R. Hazra, J. C. Reynolds, F. Maldarelli, A. N. Tullio, E. DeCarlo, C. J. Worrell, J. F. Flaherty, K. Yale, B. P. Kearney, et al. Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate and an Optimized Background Regimen of Antiretroviral Agents as Salvage Therapy: Impact on Bone Mineral Density in HIV-Infected Children Pediatrics, September 1, 2006; 118(3): e711 - e718. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. T. Rosenbloom, X. Qi, W. R. Riddle, W. E. Russell, S. C. DonLevy, D. Giuse, A. B. Sedman, and S. A. Spooner Implementing Pediatric Growth Charts into an Electronic Health Record System J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc., May 1, 2006; 13(3): 302 - 308. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Ramirez-Zea, B. Torun, R. Martorell, and A. D Stein Anthropometric predictors of body fat as measured by hydrostatic weighing in Guatemalan adults. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2006; 83(4): 795 - 802. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Rauch, C. Munns, C. Land, and F. H. Glorieux Pamidronate in Children and Adolescents with Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Effect of Treatment Discontinuation J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2006; 91(4): 1268 - 1274. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Tanofsky-Kraff, M. L. Cohen, S. Z. Yanovski, C. Cox, K. R. Theim, M. Keil, J. C. Reynolds, and J. A. Yanovski A Prospective Study of Psychological Predictors of Body Fat Gain Among Children at High Risk for Adult Obesity Pediatrics, April 1, 2006; 117(4): 1203 - 1209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Ehrenkranz, A. M. Dusick, B. R. Vohr, L. L. Wright, L. A. Wrage, W. K. Poole, and for the National Institutes of Child Health and Hu Growth in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Influences Neurodevelopmental and Growth Outcomes of Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Pediatrics, April 1, 2006; 117(4): 1253 - 1261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Becquet, V. Leroy, D. K. Ekouevi, I. Viho, K. Castetbon, P. Fassinou, F. Dabis, M. Timite-Konan, and ANRS 1201/1202 Ditrame Plus Study Group Complementary Feeding Adequacy in Relation to Nutritional Status Among Early Weaned Breastfed Children Who Are Born to HIV-Infected Mothers: ANRS 1201/1202 Ditrame Plus, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire Pediatrics, April 1, 2006; 117(4): e701 - e710. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Z Long, Y. Montoya, E. Hertzmark, J. I Santos, and J. L Rosado A double-blind, randomized, clinical trial of the effect of vitamin A and zinc supplementation on diarrheal disease and respiratory tract infections in children in Mexico City, Mexico Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2006; 83(3): 693 - 700. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Anderson, P. Cohen, E. N. Naumova, and A. Must Association of Depression and Anxiety Disorders With Weight Change in a Prospective Community-Based Study of Children Followed Up Into Adulthood Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, March 1, 2006; 160(3): 285 - 291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. W. Demerath, C. M. Schubert, L. M. Maynard, S. S. Sun, W. C. Chumlea, A. Pickoff, S. A. Czerwinski, B. Towne, and R. M. Siervogel Do Changes in Body Mass Index Percentile Reflect Changes in Body Composition in Children? Data From the Fels Longitudinal Study Pediatrics, March 1, 2006; 117(3): e487 - e495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Rauch, R. Travers, and F. H. Glorieux Pamidronate in Children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Histomorphometric Effects of Long-Term Therapy J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2006; 91(2): 511 - 516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. M. Coutinho, L. P. Acosta, S. T. McGarvey, B. Jarilla, M. Jiz, A. Pablo, L. Su, D. L. Manalo, R. M. Olveda, J. D. Kurtis, et al. Nutritional Status Improves after Treatment of Schistosoma japonicum-Infected Children and Adolescents J. Nutr., January 1, 2006; 136(1): 183 - 188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Ehrenkranz, M. C. Walsh, B. R. Vohr, A. H. Jobe, L. L. Wright, A. A. Fanaroff, L. A. Wrage, K. Poole, and for the National Institutes of Child Health and Hu Validation of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Definition of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Pediatrics, December 1, 2005; 116(6): 1353 - 1360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Biederman, J. M. Swanson, S. B. Wigal, C. J. Kratochvil, S. W. Boellner, C. Q. Earl, J. Jiang, and L. Greenhill Efficacy and Safety of Modafinil Film-Coated Tablets in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Flexible-Dose Study Pediatrics, December 1, 2005; 116(6): e777 - e784. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Yu, S. B. McClure, J. A. Onate, K. M. Guskiewicz, D. T. Kirkendall, and W. E. Garrett Age and Gender Effects on Lower Extremity Kinematics of Youth Soccer Players in a Stop-Jump Task Am. J. Sports Med., September 1, 2005; 33(9): 1356 - 1364. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M Burnham, J. Shults, E. Semeao, B. J Foster, B. S Zemel, V. A Stallings, and M. B Leonard Body-composition alterations consistent with cachexia in children and young adults with Crohn disease Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2005; 82(2): 413 - 420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. C. CARLOS, K. OISHI, M. T. D. D. CINCO, C. A. MAPUA, S. INOUE, D. J. M. CRUZ, M. A. M. PANCHO, C. Z. TANIG, R. R. MATIAS, K. MORITA, et al. COMPARISON OF CLINICAL FEATURES AND HEMATOLOGIC ABNORMALITIES BETWEEN DENGUE FEVER AND DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER AMONG CHILDREN IN THE PHILIPPINES Am J Trop Med Hyg, August 1, 2005; 73(2): 435 - 440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Codner, D. Mook-Kanamori, R. A. Bazaes, N. Unanue, H. Sovino, F. Ugarte, A. Avila, G. Iniguez, and F. Cassorla Ovarian Function during Puberty in Girls with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Response to Leuprolide J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2005; 90(7): 3939 - 3945. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. F. FRIEDMAN, H. K. KANZARIA, L. P. ACOSTA, G. C. LANGDON, D. L. MANALO, H. WU, R. M. OLVEDA, S. T. MCGARVEY, and J. D. KURTIS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS AMONG CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS IN LEYTE, THE PHILIPPINES Am J Trop Med Hyg, May 1, 2005; 72(5): 527 - 533. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. E. EZEAMAMA, J. F. FRIEDMAN, L. P. ACOSTA, D. C. BELLINGER, G. C. LANGDON, D. L. MANALO, R. M. OLVEDA, J. D. KURTIS, and S. T. MCGARVEY HELMINTH INFECTION AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT AMONG FILIPINO CHILDREN Am J Trop Med Hyg, May 1, 2005; 72(5): 540 - 548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. R. Daniels, D. K. Arnett, R. H. Eckel, S. S. Gidding, L. L. Hayman, S. Kumanyika, T. N. Robinson, B. J. Scott, S. St. Jeor, and C. L. Williams Overweight in Children and Adolescents: Pathophysiology, Consequences, Prevention, and Treatment Circulation, April 19, 2005; 111(15): 1999 - 2012. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. L. de Romana, M. Salazar, K M. Hambidge, M. E Penny, J. M Peerson, N. F Krebs, and K. H Brown Longitudinal measurements of zinc absorption in Peruvian children consuming wheat products fortified with iron only or iron and 1 of 2 amounts of zinc Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2005; 81(3): 637 - 647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Touger, H. C. Looker, J. Krakoff, R. S. Lindsay, V. Cook, and W. C. Knowler Early Growth in Offspring of Diabetic Mothers Diabetes Care, March 1, 2005; 28(3): 585 - 589. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. W. Speiser, M. C. J. Rudolf, H. Anhalt, C. Camacho-Hubner, F. Chiarelli, A. Eliakim, M. Freemark, A. Gruters, E. Hershkovitz, L. Iughetti, et al. Childhood Obesity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2005; 90(3): 1871 - 1887. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J. Gross, R. D. Anbar, and B. B. Mettelman Follow-up at 15 Years of Preterm Infants From a Controlled Trial of Moderately Early Dexamethasone for the Prevention of Chronic Lung Disease Pediatrics, March 1, 2005; 115(3): 681 - 687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B F Kalanda, S van Buuren, F H Verhoeff, and B J Brabin Anthropometry of fetal growth in rural Malawi in relation to maternal malaria and HIV status Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed., March 1, 2005; 90(2): F161 - F165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. G. Kaditis, E. I. Alexopoulos, E. Kalampouka, E. Kostadima, A. Germenis, E. Zintzaras, and K. Gourgoulianis Morning Levels of C-Reactive Protein in Children with Obstructive Sleep-disordered Breathing Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., February 1, 2005; 171(3): 282 - 286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. J. Lange, R. B. Gerbing, J. Feusner, J. Skolnik, N. Sacks, F. O. Smith, and T. A. Alonzo Mortality in Overweight and Underweight Children With Acute Myeloid Leukemia JAMA, January 12, 2005; 293(2): 203 - 211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Seguin, Q. Xu, L. Gauvin, M.-V. Zunzunegui, L. Potvin, and K. L Frohlich Understanding the dimensions of socioeconomic status that influence toddlers' health: unique impact of lack of money for basic needs in Quebec's birth cohort J Epidemiol Community Health, January 1, 2005; 59(1): 42 - 48. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. N. Ballesteros, R. M. Cabrera, M. d. S. Saucedo, D. Aggarwal, N. S. Shachter, and M. L. Fernandez High Intake of Saturated Fat and Early Occurrence of Specific Biomarkers May Explain the Prevalence of Chronic Disease in Northern Mexico J. Nutr., January 1, 2005; 135(1): 70 - 73. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. S. Freedman, L. K. Khan, M. K. Serdula, W. H. Dietz, S. R. Srinivasan, and G. S. Berenson The Relation of Childhood BMI to Adult Adiposity: The Bogalusa Heart Study Pediatrics, January 1, 2005; 115(1): 22 - 27. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Misra, A. Aggarwal, K. K. Miller, C. Almazan, M. Worley, L. A. Soyka, D. B. Herzog, and A. Klibanski Effects of Anorexia Nervosa on Clinical, Hematologic, Biochemical, and Bone Density Parameters in Community-Dwelling Adolescent Girls Pediatrics, December 1, 2004; 114(6): 1574 - 1583. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A.G. Kaditis, E.I. Alexopoulos, E. Kalampouka, E. Kostadima, N. Angelopoulos, A. Germenis, E. Zintzaras, and K. Gourgoulianis Morning levels of fibrinogen in children with sleep-disordered breathing Eur. Respir. J., November 1, 2004; 24(5): 790 - 797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. G Bandini, A. Must, S. M Phillips, E. N Naumova, and W. H Dietz Relation of body mass index and body fatness to energy expenditure: longitudinal changes from preadolescence through adolescence Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2004; 80(5): 1262 - 1269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Kranz, A. M. Siega-Riz, and A. H. Herring Changes in Diet Quality of American Preschoolers Between 1977 and 1998 Am J Public Health, September 1, 2004; 94(9): 1525 - 1530. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Zankl Computer-Aided Anthropometry in the Evaluation of Dysmorphic Children Pediatrics, September 1, 2004; 114(3): e333 - e336. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. B. Leonard, H. I. Feldman, J. Shults, B. S. Zemel, B. J. Foster, and V. A. Stallings Long-Term, High-Dose Glucocorticoids and Bone Mineral Content in Childhood Glucocorticoid-Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome N. Engl. J. Med., August 26, 2004; 351(9): 868 - 875. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. W. Leschek, S. R. Rose, J. A. Yanovski, J. F. Troendle, C. A. Quigley, J. J. Chipman, B. J. Crowe, J. L. Ross, F. G. Cassorla, W. F. Blum, et al. Effect of Growth Hormone Treatment on Adult Height in Peripubertal Children with Idiopathic Short Stature: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2004; 89(7): 3140 - 3148. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Misra, K. K. Miller, C. Almazan, K. Ramaswamy, A. Aggarwal, D. B. Herzog, G. Neubauer, J. Breu, and A. Klibanski Hormonal and Body Composition Predictors of Soluble Leptin Receptor, Leptin, and Free Leptin Index in Adolescent Girls with Anorexia Nervosa and Controls and Relation to Insulin Sensitivity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2004; 89(7): 3486 - 3495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. S. Woo, P. Chook, C. W. Yu, R. Y.T. Sung, M. Qiao, S. S.F. Leung, C. W.K. Lam, C. Metreweli, and D. S. Celermajer Effects of Diet and Exercise on Obesity-Related Vascular Dysfunction in Children Circulation, April 27, 2004; 109(16): 1981 - 1986. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. Amin, J. L. Carroll, J. L. Jeffries, C. Grone, J. A. Bean, B. Chini, R. Bokulic, and S. R. Daniels Twenty-four-hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Children with Sleep-disordered Breathing Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., April 15, 2004; 169(8): 950 - 956. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Misra, K. K. Miller, D. B. Herzog, K. Ramaswamy, A. Aggarwal, C. Almazan, G. Neubauer, J. Breu, and A. Klibanski Growth Hormone and Ghrelin Responses to an Oral Glucose Load in Adolescent Girls with Anorexia Nervosa and Controls J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2004; 89(4): 1605 - 1612. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. Lorch, J. A. D'Agostino, R. Zimmerman, and J. Bernbaum "Benign" Extra-axial Fluid in Survivors of Neonatal Intensive Care Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, February 1, 2004; 158(2): 178 - 182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
