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PEDIATRICS Vol. 105 No. 2 February 2000, p. e23
,
,
From the * Children's Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
Allergy Research Foundation, Los Angeles, California; § Allergy and
Asthma Medical Group and Research Center, San Diego, California; New
England Research Center, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts; ¶ Park
Nicollet Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; # Clinical Research
Institute, San Diego, California; ** Asthma and Allergy Associates,
Colorado Springs, Colorado; and Pediatric Consultants,
Lutherville, Maryland.
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ABSTRACT |
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Top
Abstract
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
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Objective. Intranasal beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) has generally been considered to have no systemic activity at recommended doses, but the potential for long-term effects on growth has not previously been evaluated. This study was undertaken to assess the effects of 1 year of treatment with intranasal BDP on growth in children.
Study Design. In this double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study, 100 prepubertal children 6 to 9 years old with perennial allergic rhinitis were treated with aqueous BDP 168 µg twice daily (n = 51) or placebo (n = 49) for 1 year. Subjects' baseline heights were required to be between the 5th and 95th percentile, and skeletal age as determined by left wrist radiograph was required to be within 2 years of chronological age. Washout periods for medications known to affect growth, including other forms of corticosteroids, were established, and these medications were prohibited during the study. However, short courses of oral prednisolone lasting no more than 7 days, and short courses of dermatologic corticosteroids lasting no more than 10 days, were allowed. Height was measured with a stadiometer after 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 months of treatment. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis was assessed by measurements of 8 AM basal cortisol concentrations and response to .25 mg cosyntropin stimulation. The primary safety parameter was the rate of change in standing height. Statistical analyses were based on all randomized subjects who received at least 1 dose of medication (intent-to-treat principle). The rate of change in standing height was analyzed for all subjects who entered the study and for those completing the full 12 months of treatment (n = 80). The rate of change in standing height over the 1-year study was calculated as the slope of a linear regression line fitted to each subject's height measurements over time. Because there was a statistically significant between-group difference in standing height at baseline, an analysis of covariance was performed for all analyses of standing height data.
Results. Of the 100 subjects enrolled, 90 completed the study. The 2 treatment groups were generally comparable at baseline; however, at baseline, mean age and mean height were significantly greater in the BDP treatment group that the in placebo treatment group. In both analyses, overall growth rate was significantly slower in BDP-treated subjects than placebo-treated subjects. The mean change in standing height after 1 year was 5.0 cm in the BDP-treated subjects compared with 5.9 cm in the placebo-treated subjects. The difference in growth rates was evident as early as the 1-month treatment visit, suggesting that the effect on growth occurred initially.The growth-suppressive effect of BDP remained consistent across all age and gender subgroups, and among subjects with and without a previous history of corticosteroid use. Use of additional exogenous corticosteroids during the study was similar in both groups and did not affect the results. Because there was a baseline imbalance in height, a supplemental analysis of the differences in prestudy growth rates was performed. This analysis found no baseline imbalance in prestudy growth rates.To determine whether the difference in growth rates during the study could be attributed to preexisting growth rates, a z score analysis was performed. The heights of both groups were normalized at baseline and at the end of the study using the US National Center for Health Statistics data for mean and standard deviations of height. This analysis confirmed that the difference in growth rates between the 2 groups was primarily attributable to the treatment rather than to any preexisting difference in growth. Additional analyses confirmed that the results were not influenced by outlier values.No significant between-group difference were found in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis assessments. No unusual adverse events were observed.No evidence of other systemic effects of BDP was found, including analysis for fluid and electrolyte imbalances; alterations in protein, lipid, or carbohydrate metabolism; alterations in formed elements in blood; and alterations in differential white blood cell counts, including eosinophils.
Conclusions. Additional study is warranted to define the clinical relevance of these findings. This study suggests, however, that intranasal BDP may slow growth rate in children without suppressing basal 6 AM cortisol concentrations or the response to cosyntropin stimulation, which are commonly used clinically to test for adrenal suppression. The effect on final height is unknown. Alterative explantations for the finding of drug-induced growth suppression, including the possibility that the results were affected by either differences in height and age at baseline between the 2 groups or by outlier values, were discounted upon additional analysis. The results of this study were considered by the Food and Drug Administration in the development of recently proposed new class labeling for all inhaled and intranasal corticosteroids, which states that these agents may cause a reduction in growth velocity in pediatric patients (see reference 21). However, both the Food and Drug Administration and several professional bodies in the United States concur that, depending on disease severity, the benefits of intranasal corticosteroid therapy may outweigh the risks (see reference 22). Because the effect, if any, on final height in not known, the height of children receiving long-term therapy should be monitored periodically during treatment, and should be plotted on a growth or growth-velocity chart to monitor for growth suppression. To minimize the risks of systemic corticosteroid exposure, including growth suppresson, dose-reduction strategies should be considered. For patients who concomitantly receive exogenous corticosteroids via other routes for other conditions, such as inhaled corticosteroids for asthma, clinicians should consider the total corticosteroid exposure and titrate each patient to the lowest effective dose. Clinicians should also consider each medication's potential for systemic effects when selecting among the various available corticosteroids. beclomethasone dipropionate, intranasal corticosteroids, growth, allergic rhinitis, pediatric.
Intranasally administered corticosteroids have repeatedly
been shown to be effective in controlling the symptoms of allergic rhinitis in children.1-3 Although long-term systemic use
of oral or parenteral corticosteroids in children has been associated
with growth suppression and other significant adverse
effects,4,5 intranasal corticosteroids have been
considered to be relatively free of systemic effects and to be an
effective treatment option for children with allergic rhinitis.6
Beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) aqueous nasal spray has been
demonstrated to be well tolerated and effective in the treatment of
rhinitis in adults and in children 6 years of age and older. The
corticosteroid activity of BDP has been thought to be primarily confined to the application site, and only minimal systemic effects have been reported at recommended intranasal dosages. One study in
healthy adult volunteers found that intranasal BDP 336 µg/day for 4 days had only insignificant effects on overnight urinary cortisol
excretion and on serum cortisol after adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH) stimulation.7 In contrast, 24-hour urinary cortisol
was significantly suppressed in another study of adult volunteers after
4 days of BDP 800 µg/day, although there was no significant effect at
lower doses of BDP.8 In this study, urinary cortisol
levels of patients who had received the BDP 800 µg/day were decreased
17% (P < .001) versus placebo.8 Other
studies have failed to demonstrate any significant effects of
intranasal BDP on the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis.9
No previous studies have investigated the long-term effects of
intranasal BDP on growth in children. The present study was undertaken
to evaluate the potential for 1 year of treatment with intranasal
aqueous BDP to affect growth in children with allergic rhinitis.
This was a randomized, 8-center, double-blind,
placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of 100 children with
allergic rhinitis that assessed the effects of 1 year of treatment with
intranasal aqueous BDP 168 µg administered twice daily (BID). The
study protocol and statement of informed consent were reviewed and
approved by an institutional review board before study initiation, and
written informed consent was obtained from the parent or guardian of
each patient.
Inclusion criteria for this study were a diagnosis of allergic rhinitis
with the duration of at least 1 year, stadiometric height measurements
within the 5th and 95th percentile on standard growth charts, a
cosyntropin stimulation test that was within normal limits at
screening, and at least 6 years of age. Boys could be no older than 9 years and 6 months of age at baseline, and girls could be no older than
9 years at baseline. Patients were required to have no evidence of
sexual maturation (Tanner stage 1). Skeletal age, as determined by left
wrist radiographs, was required to be within 2 years of the patient's
chronological age at screening. Patients were also required to have a
stadiometer height measurement between the 5th and 95th percentiles on
standard height charts taken between 3 and 24 months before screening. This height measurement could not have deviated by >10 percentiles from the screening height measurement. If no stadiometer height measurement was available, patients were required to have 2 nonstadiometer height measurements between the 5th and 95th percentiles
within the 3- to 24-month period before screening. These height
measurements could not deviate by >15 percentiles from the screening
height measurement.
Patients were excluded from the study if there was a history or
evidence of abnormal growth or the presence of a disease or condition
that might substantially affect growth or require concomitant corticosteroid therapy. However, mild to moderate asthma that was well
controlled without the use of corticosteroids was allowed. Patients
were excluded if they had received >2 courses of systemic corticosteroids within the 12 months before enrollment, or if they had
received inhaled corticosteroids for asthma for >2 months within the
12 months before enrollment. In addition, patients must not have used
any form of corticosteroid (systemic, intranasal, ocular, inhaled, or
topical) during the 4 weeks before the screening visit. Medications
that were thought to possibly affect growth (eg, methylphenidate) were
excluded during the course of the study.
Fifty-one patients were assigned to treatment with BDP 168 µg BID and
49 to placebo; randomization was stratified by gender and history of
previous corticosteroid use (defined as the use of oral, inhaled,
nasal, or topical corticosteroids during the previous 12 months). After
washout periods of varying duration for agents that might influence the
study results (ie, corticosteroids, cromolyn compounds, antihistamines,
decongestants, spironolactone, or other investigational drugs), the
first dose of study medication was administered in the study center
under the observation of trained study personnel at the baseline visit.
Patients were instructed to administer the nasal spray, 2 sprays per
nostril BID. Each patient (or parent/guardian) received a diary to
record the date, duration and severity of adverse events, and the use
of concomitant medications. Rescue medications for rhinitis, asthma,
and dermatitis, including limited use of corticosteroids, were
permitted during the study.
If oral corticosteroids were required during the study, up to 2 courses
of prednisolone sodium phosphate 1 to 2 mg/kg/day up to a maximum of 60 mg/day lasting no >7 days per course could be used. An interval of at
least 4 weeks between the last dose of oral corticosteroids and
cosyntropin testing was required. Dermatitis could be treated with
Patients were evaluated at the investigator's office initially after 1 week of treatment and subsequently at the end of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and
12 months. A review of concomitant medications, vital signs, and
adverse events/intercurrent illnesses was conducted at each visit.
Compliance was assessed by asking patients whether they had taken their
medication as instructed, by reviewing diary cards, and by examining
the medication bottles. Height, measured with a Harpenden Stadiometer
(Holtain, Ltd, Croswell, Wales), and weight were recorded after 1 month
and at each subsequent visit. Routine clinical laboratory tests and
urinalysis were performed at screening and after 6 and 12 months, and
an assessment of sexual maturity by Tanner staging was repeated at the
12-month visit.
Cosyntropin Testing
Cosyntropin stimulation testing was performed to assess HPA-axis
function at screening and at the 6- and 12-month visits. At 8 AM (±1 hour), a plasma sample was taken to determine the prestimulation plasma cortisol concentration. This was followed by the
intravenous or intramuscular injection of .25 mg of cosyntropin. A
second plasma sample was taken to measure cortisol concentrations 60 minutes after the injection to determine adrenocortical response. At
screening, the prestimulation (8 AM) plasma cortisol
concentration was required to be Statistics
Analyses were based on all randomized patients who received at
least 1 dose of medication (intent-to-treat principle). For the primary
parameter (the rate of change in standing height) additional analyses
were based on the standing height data of patients who had data for
each of the visits throughout the 12 months of study.
The rate of change in standing height over the 1-year study period was
calculated as the slope of a linear regression line fitted to each
patient's height measurements over time. The slopes were calculated
using the actual patient data, including baseline. Similar rates of
change over the available pretreatment data were also calculated for
each patient. Because there was a statistically significant
between-group difference in standing height at baseline, an analysis of
covariance, including effects attributable to treatment and center, was
performed for all analyses of standing height data, including the
primary variable, with baseline height as the covariate.
Additional confirmatory analyses were performed. To perform a
z score analysis, the heights of both groups were normalized at baseline and at the end of the study, using the US National Center
for Health Statistics data for mean and standard deviations of height
to determine whether differences in growth rates during the study could
be attributed to preexisting growth rates. In addition, height-adjusted
age and outlier values were assessed.
Plasma cortisol concentrations and body weight were analyzed by
analysis of variance, including effects attributable to treatment and
center. Summaries of clinical adverse events, laboratory test values,
and vital signs were based on all treated patients.
A total of 100 patients was randomized and treated in this study.
An average of 12 to 13 patients (range: 3-21) was enrolled at each of
the 8 centers. In general, the 2 treatment groups were comparable with
respect to baseline demographic and disease characteristics (Table
1). However, the children in the
BDP-treatment group were significantly older and taller than were those
in the placebo-treatment group (P TABLE 1 TABLE 2
METHODS
Top
Abstract
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
1% hydrocortisone covering <10% of the body surface without
occlusion. The total duration of topical hydrocortisone treatment
throughout the study was not to exceed 4 weeks, and no individual
treatment episode could exceed 10 days.
7 µg/dL and the 60-minute
postcosyntropin concentration was to have increased at least 7 µg/dL
above the baseline value for the patient to be eligible for enrollment.
RESULTS
Top
Abstract
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
.04). Forty-five
of the BDP-treated patients and 35 of the placebo-treated patients
completed the entire 12-month course of treatment; 6 patients
randomized to BDP and 14 randomized to placebo discontinued the study
before completion. Reasons for treatment discontinuation are given in Table 2. At the end of treatment, 1 patient treated with BDP and 3 patients treated with placebo were no
longer in stage 1 of the Tanner classification of sexual maturity. The
rate of change in standing height was evaluated for all patients who
participated in the study and for those who completed 12 months of
treatment. Approximately 50% of the patients in each treatment group
had a history of corticosteroid use (oral, inhaled, intranasal, or dermatological) within the 12 months before enrollment. Six patients in
the BDP group and 7 in the placebo group reported short courses (average of 5 days each) of oral corticosteroids during the study.
Demographic Characteristics at Baseline
Reasons for Treatment Discontinuation
Change in Rate of Growth
For all patients who entered the study, the rate of growth in the BDP-treated patients was significantly slower than in placebo-treated patients. The mean overall rate of growth was .013 cm/day in BDP-treated patients and .017 cm/day in placebo-treated patients (P < .01). Differences between treatment groups in changes from baseline height were observed after the first month of treatment (P = .04) and also at months 6, 8, 10 and 12 (Fig 1). An analysis that excluded patients who received courses of oral corticosteroids during the course of the study found these patients to not have any significant impact on the study results.
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Similar results were found in the analysis of patients who completed
all 12 months of treatment. In this group of patients, the differences
between treatment groups in mean changes from baseline were
statistically significant at all visits from 1 month to the end of the
study (P .05; Fig 2).
The overall rate of growth was .014 cm/day in the BDP-treated patients
and .016 cm/day in the placebo-treated patients (P < .01). At month 12, the mean change in standing height from baseline was
5.0 cm for the BDP-treated patients and 5.9 cm for the placebo-treated patients (P < .01).
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Subgroup analyses for age, gender, and history of corticosteroid use were also performed. Age and height imbalances at baseline likely had an effect on the magnitude of the treatment difference. However, consistent with the overall results, placebo-treated patients in each of the subgroups generally grew faster than BDP-treated patients (Table 3). Among the placebo patients, no difference was noted in the growth rates of boys and girls, whereas only a slightly higher growth rate was observed for 6- to 7-year-old children, compared with 8- to 9-year-old children. A history of previous corticosteroid use (oral, inhaled, intranasal, or dermatological use in the 12 months preceding the study) in these patients was associated with a slightly lower growth rate than no history of corticosteroid use. Similar observations were noted for BDP-treated patients: there was no difference in growth rates between boys and girls, a slightly higher growth rate was observed for 6- to 7-year-old children, compared with 8- to 9-year-old children, and a history of corticosteroid use was associated with a slightly lower growth rate than no history of corticosteroid use.
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Because there was a baseline imbalance in age and height, a supplemental analysis of the differences in prestudy growth rates was performed. This analysis found no baseline imbalance in prestudy growth rates (~.017-.018 cm/day or 6.2-6.6 cm/year for both treatment groups), although the rate of growth was higher than average for a population of this age (6.0 cm/year).10
Analysis of normalized heights (z score analysis) confirmed that the difference in growth rates between the placebo- and BDP-treated patients was primarily attributable to the treatment rather than to any preexisting difference in growth. Also, ages were adjusted by baseline height and compared with 12-month height median ages. Significant differences in height-adjusted age were evident. Additional analyses confirmed that the results were not influenced by outlier values.
HPA-Axis Function
No significant differences between treatment groups were found for
either the prestimulation plasma cortisol concentrations or the
response to cosyntropin stimulation at any time point. Normal
prestimulation plasma cortisol concentrations and normal increases in
cortisol concentrations after cosyntropin stimulation (7 µg/dL)
were reported for all patients (Fig 3).
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Adverse Events
Adverse events reported during the study were similar to those that have been observed with other intranasal corticosteroids, and most adverse events were considered by the investigators to be unrelated to treatment. Adverse events that were judged by the investigator to be related, or probably or possibly related to treatment, were reported by 33% of patients treated with BDP and 49% of patients treated with placebo (Table 4). Treatment-related adverse events were mild to moderate in severity. Only 2 patients, both of whom were treated with placebo, discontinued treatment because of adverse events, both of which were judged by the investigator to be unrelated to treatment.
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Laboratory test values were typical of those found in children with allergic rhinitis but were otherwise unremarkable. There was no evidence of any systemic effects of glucocorticoids, such as fluid and electrolyte imbalances, alterations in protein, lipid or carbohydrate metabolism, alterations in formed elements in blood, or alterations in differential white blood cell counts, including eosinophils, in either treatment group. No clinically relevant laboratory abnormalities were found.
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DISCUSSION |
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Top
Abstract
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
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The present study found that treatment with intranasal aqueous BDP 168 µg BID for 12 months significantly slowed growth rate in prepubescent children. This difference in growth was evident as early as 1 month after treatment initiation and remained statistically significant over months 6 through 12 of the study. Because height was not monitored after the completion of therapy, the possibility that normal growth rates resumed after discontinuation of treatment or that catch-up growth occurred could not be assessed. BDP was well tolerated and no other systemic effects of corticosteroid therapy or clinically relevant changes in laboratory values were detected.
The finding of a significant reduction in the rate of growth in children who had received intranasal BDP for 1 year was not anticipated. However, the consistency of the reduction in growth rate observed in the various subgroup analyses could represent a subtle systemic corticosteroid effect, sufficient to slightly blunt growth, but insufficient to depress basal 8 AM cortisol concentrations or responsiveness to stimulation with .25 mg cosyntropin. Thus, growth in children may be a more sensitive index of systemic glucocorticoid effects than commonly used assessments of the HPA axis. However, it should be noted that the HPA-axis assessments used in this study may be less sensitive at detecting the systemic effects of corticosteroids than other tests such as the low-dose (.5 µg) cosyntropin stimulation test or measurement of 24-hour area under the plasma cortisol concentration-time curve.11,12
Several alternative explanations for the finding of drug-induced growth
suppression were discounted on additional analyses. For example, there
was a difference in height between the 2 groups at
baseline
BDP-treated patients were older and taller. (The results of
the height measurements were analyzed by an analysis of covariance to
control for this imbalance.) The difference in baseline height suggests
the possibility that there may have been some differences in expected
growth rates because the older children (8-9 years of age) in this
study grew at a slower rate than the younger children (6-7 years of
age). However, even when analyzed by age subgroups, the BDP-treated
patients grew at a slower rate than the placebo-treated patients. Thus,
the possibility that the results were skewed by the baseline imbalance
in age and height is remote. However, it is possible that the magnitude
of the difference between the 2 treatment groups was affected by the
baseline differences.
Few previous studies have investigated the effects of intranasal corticosteroids on long-term growth in children; however, short-term knemometric studies have been conducted. Knemometry is very useful in determining relative systemic bioavailability of different glucocorticoids and in defining a no effect dose for a given corticosteroid but does not predict the extent of suppression in intermediate- or long-term studies. Two studies involving intranasal budesonide (BUD) in children with allergic rhinitis have yielded conflicting results. In the first study, a significant reduction in lower leg growth occurred with BUD 200 µg BID administered as a nasal aerosol spray, during which the growth rate was reduced from .59 mm/day during the run-in phase to .05 mm/day during treatment with BUD (n = 11).13 In the second study, no effect on growth was seen with BUD 200 µg (n = 14) or 400 µg (n = 13) administered once daily via nasal dry powder inhaler.14 These results suggest that different intranasal corticosteroids may have varying systemic effects when administered at recommended dosages. Whether these findings may reflect differences in bioavailability as well as those inherent in different formulations of intranasal glucocorticoids (ie, aqueous, dry powder, and aerosol) is unknown. To date, there are no published studies comparing the effects of different intranasal corticosteroid formulations on growth.
Findings of childhood growth suppression during treatment with exogenous corticosteroids have lead to questions regarding whether the effect is initial or progressive. In the present study, the difference in growth rates between the 2 study groups was evident as early as 1 month after treatment initiation. These results suggest that the effect on growth occurred early in the study (within the first few months of treatment) and persists throughout the study. Findings that growth suppression by intranasal corticosteroids can occur during short-term growth studies also suggest that the effect on growth is an initial one. However, the interpretation of short-term findings in the context of long-term outcomes remains under debate.15 The suppression of intermediate-term growth in asthmatic children by inhaled corticosteroids has been documented.16,17 Although the results do not necessarily apply to children with allergic rhinitis, studies of asthmatic children treated with inhaled corticosteroids have yielded mixed results. One study of 67 children treated with inhaled BPD 200 µg BID for 1 year has found that the growth suppressive effect is progressive, resulting in an increasing deviation of growth rates from normal values over time.16 However, another study has found the opposite effect. In this study, 50 asthmatic children were treated with inhaled BDP 200 µg BID for 30 weeks. The rate of growth was only significantly suppressed compared with the baseline run-in rate during the first 6 weeks of treatment.18 Throughout the rest of the study, growth rates were similar to those seen during the run-in period.
Whether effects on childhood growth seen in intermediate-term studies result in reduced final adult height has also come into question. The long-term effects of intranasal corticosteroids on linear growth and final height in children with allergic rhinitis have not been determined. Several studies have investigated the long-term effects on height of inhaled corticosteroid therapy for the treatment of asthma; however, these results do not necessarily apply to children with allergic rhinitis. Some studies suggest that growth in these children may be delayed but that they will eventually attain their expected adult height. In 1 study, BDP-treated children with asthma who were followed for a mean of 13.1 years achieved predicted final adult height despite delayed pubertal growth acceleration.19 This finding suggests that patients who experience a reduction in growth rate attributable to corticosteroid therapy may still achieve expected final height. However, another study in which growth was significantly suppressed by inhaled BDP found no significant catch-up growth during a 4-month washout period.18 The relevance of these findings to children with allergic rhinitis treated with intranasal corticosteroids requires additional investigation. Furthermore, whether these findings will predict outcomes in a clinical practice in which dose-titration is used and compliance and duration vary remains to be determined.
The results of the present study have previously been published as an abstract20 and have been presented to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Pulmonary Allergy Drugs Advisory Committee and Metabolic and Endocrinologic Drugs Advisory Committee. The results of this study were considered by the FDA in the development of recently proposed new class labeling for all inhaled and intranasal corticosteroids, which states that these agents may cause a reduction in growth velocity in pediatric patients.21 At the same time, noting the limited amount of information available, the FDA called for additional study in this area. Both the FDA and relevant professional bodies in the United States (American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology; American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology; American College of Chest Physicians; American Thoracic Society; and American Academy of Pediatrics) concur that, depending on disease severity, the benefits of intranasal corticosteroid therapy may outweigh the risks.22 Because the effect on final height is not known, the height of children on long-term intranasal corticosteroid therapy should be monitored periodically during treatment, using a stadiometer or similarly accurate device and should be plotted on a growth or growth velocity chart to monitor for growth suppression. Furthermore, clinicians must be alert for the possibility of drug-induced growth suppression so as not to misattribute it to growth suppression related to other causes.23-26
To minimize the risks of systemic corticosteroid exposure, including growth suppression, dose-reduction strategies (eg, allergen-avoidance measures, immunotherapy and concomitant treatment with antihistamines, or decongestants) should be considered.27 In addition, many allergic rhinitis patients also receive corticosteroids via other routes for the treatment of concomitant disorders, such as asthma or atopic dermatitis. Therefore, physicians should take into account the patient's total corticosteroid exposure when prescribing an intranasal corticosteroid and should titrate each patient to the lowest effective dose for each route to minimize systemic exposure. Physicians also should consider each medication's potential for systemic effects when selecting among the various available corticosteroids.
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CONCLUSION |
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Top
Abstract
Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
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In summary, treatment with intranasal aqueous BDP 168 µg BID for 1 year in children with allergic rhinitis significantly slowed growth rate without having any effect on the HPA axis as assessed by 8 AM cortisol concentrations or the response to stimulation with .25 mg cosyntropin. However, the long-term effects of intranasal BDP on final height remain unknown.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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This study was supported by Schering-Plough Corporation and Glaxo-Wellcome. All participants received payment for procedures associated with the study. Dr Morris has accepted research grants in the past from Schering-Plough and Glaxo Wellcome; Dr Skoner has acted as a consultant to Schering-Plough and Glaxo-Wellcome; and Dr Storms has received grant and research support, has acted as a consultant, and spoken on speakers' bureaus for Schering-Plough and Glaxo-Wellcome.
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FOOTNOTES |
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Received for publication May 27, 1999; accepted Sep 15, 1999.
Reprint requests to (D.P.S.) Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital, 3705 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15231. E-mail: skonerd{at}chplink.chp.edu
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ABBREVIATIONS |
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BDP, beclomethasone dipropionate; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; HPA, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal; BID, twice daily; BUD, budesonide; FDA, Food and Drug Administration.
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REFERENCES |
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This article has been cited by other articles:
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  B. Q. Lanier Use of Intranasal Corticosteroids in the Management of Congestion and Sleep Disturbance in Pediatric Patients With Allergic Rhinitis Clinical Pediatrics, June 1, 2008; 47(5): 435 - 445. [Abstract] [PDF]
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