PEDIATRICS Vol. 93 No. 1 January 1994, pp. 137-150
This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow E-mail this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My File Cabinet
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via CrossRef
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Facebook   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?

The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk

Committee on Drugs

This statement was first published in 1983,1 with a revision published in 1989.2 Information about the transfer of drugs and chemicals into human milk continues to become available. This current statement is intended to revise the lists of agents transferred into human milk and describe their possible effects on the infant or on lactation, if known (Tables I through 7). The fact that a pharmacologic or chemical agent does not appear on the lists is not meant to imply that it is not transferred into human milk or that it does not have an effect on the infant; it only indicates that there were no reports found in the literature. These tables should assist the physician in counseling a nursing mother regarding breast-feeding when the mother has a condition for which a drug is medically indicated.

The following question and options should be considered when prescribing drug therapy to lactating women. (1) Is the drug therapy really necessary? Consultation between the pediatrician and the mother's physician can be most useful. (2) Use the safest drug, for example, acetaminophen rather than aspirin for analgesia. (3) If there is a possibility that a drug may present a risk to the infant, consideration should be given to measurement of blood concentrations in the nursing infant. (4) Drug exposure to the nursing infant may be minimized by having the mother take the medication just after she has breast-fed the infant and/or just before the infant is due to have a lengthy sleep period.

Data have been obtained from a search of the medical literature.


Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Facebook Facebook   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter    What's this?

The following policy statement is a revision:

The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk

Pediatrics 108: 776-789. [Full Text]

The following policy statement has been revised:

Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk

Pediatrics 84: 924-936.



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J Am Coll CardiolHome page
A. Roth and U. Elkayam
Acute myocardial infarction associated with pregnancy.
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 15, 2008; 52(3): 171 - 180.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br J AnaesthHome page
W.-P. Fong, L.-C. Yang, J.-I. Wu, H.-S. Chen, and P.-H. Tan
Does celecoxib have pre-emptive analgesic effect after Caesarean section surgery?
Br. J. Anaesth., June 1, 2008; 100(6): 861 - 862.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CJASNHome page
D. B. McKay and M. A. Josephson
Pregnancy after Kidney Transplantation
Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2008; 3(Supplement_2): S117 - S125.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
M. J. P. Harnett, N. O'Rourke, M. Walsh, J. M. Carabuena, and S. Segal
Transdermal Scopolamine for Prevention of Intrathecal Morphine-Induced Nausea and Vomiting After Cesarean Delivery
Anesth. Analg., September 1, 2007; 105(3): 764 - 769.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
B. Carvalho, L. Chu, A. Fuller, S. E. Cohen, and E. T. Riley
Valdecoxib for postoperative pain management after cesarean delivery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Anesth. Analg., September 1, 2006; 103(3): 664 - 670.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
M. E. Abdel-Latif, J. Pinner, S. Clews, F. Cooke, K. Lui, and J. Oei
Effects of breast milk on the severity and outcome of neonatal abstinence syndrome among infants of drug-dependent mothers.
Pediatrics, June 1, 2006; 117(6): e1163 - e1169.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 NEJMHome page
D. B. McKay and M. A. Josephson
Pregnancy in recipients of solid organs--effects on mother and child.
N. Engl. J. Med., March 23, 2006; 354(12): 1281 - 1293.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Nephrol Dial TransplantHome page
N. C. T. Kong
Pregnancy of a lupus patient--a challenge to the nephrologist
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., February 1, 2006; 21(2): 268 - 272.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 HeartHome page
P R. James and C. Nelson-Piercy
Management of hypertension before, during, and after pregnancy
Heart, December 1, 2004; 90(12): 1499 - 1504.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 LupusHome page
S De Carolis, A Botta, G Fatigante, S Garofalo, S Ferrazzani, A Gasbarrini, and A Caruso
Celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy
Lupus, September 1, 2004; 13(9): 653 - 658.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Postgrad. Med. J.Home page
J L Mathew
Effect of maternal antibiotics on breast feeding infants
Postgrad. Med. J., April 1, 2004; 80(942): 196 - 200.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
L. M. Jansson, M. Velez, and C. Harrow
Methadone Maintenance and Lactation: A Review of the Literature and Current Management Guidelines
J Hum Lact, February 1, 2004; 20(1): 62 - 71.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
A. Merewood and B. L. Philipp
Promoting Breastfeeding in an Inner-City Hospital: How to Address the Concerns of the Maternity Staff Regarding Illicit Drug Use
J Hum Lact, November 1, 2003; 19(4): 418 - 420.
[PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
B. L. Philipp, A. Merewood, and S. O'Brien
Methadone and Breastfeeding: New Horizons
Pediatrics, June 1, 2003; 111(6): 1429 - 1430.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
K. M. Hillenbrand and P. G. Larsen
Effect of an Educational Intervention About Breastfeeding on the Knowledge, Confidence, and Behaviors of Pediatric Resident Physicians
Pediatrics, November 1, 2002; 110(5): e59 - 59.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br J AnaesthHome page
A. J. Olufolabi, G. A. Charlton, S. A. Allen, I. M. Mettam, and P. R. Roberts
Use of implantable cardioverter defibrillator and anti-arrhythmic agents in a parturient
Br. J. Anaesth., October 1, 2002; 89(4): 652 - 655.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CMAJHome page
E. A. Peter, P. A. Janssen, C. S. Grange, and M. J. Douglas
Ibuprofen versus acetaminophen with codeine for the relief of perineal pain after childbirth: a randomized controlled trial
Can. Med. Assoc. J., October 1, 2001; 165(9): 1203 - 1209.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
Committee on Drugs
The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk
Pediatrics, September 1, 2001; 108(3): 776 - 789.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ThoraxHome page
P Ormerod
Respiratory diseases in pregnancy {bullet} 3: Tuberculosis in pregnancy and the puerperium
Thorax, June 1, 2001; 56(6): 494 - 499.
[Full Text]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
C. Mactal-Haaf, M. Hoffman, and A. Kuchta
Use of Anti-Infective Agents During Lactation, Part 3: Antivirals, Antifungals, and Urinary Antiseptics
J Hum Lact, May 1, 2001; 17(2): 160 - 166.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Postgrad. Med. J.Home page
C C Mok and R W S Wong
Pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus
Postgrad. Med. J., March 1, 2001; 77(905): 157 - 165.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
K. G. Chin, C. E. McPherson III, M. Hoffman, A. Kuchta, and C. Mactal-Haaf
Use of Anti-Infective Agents During Lactation: Part 2--Aminoglycosides, Macrolides, Quinolones, Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, and Metronidazole
J Hum Lact, February 1, 2001; 17(1): 54 - 65.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Microbiol. Rev.Home page
T. B. Gardner and D. R. Hill
Treatment of Giardiasis
Clin. Microbiol. Rev., January 1, 2001; 14(1): 114 - 128.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
K. G. Chin, C. Mactal-Haaf, and C. E. McPherson III
Use of Anti-Infective Agents During Lactation: Part 1--Beta-Lactam Antibiotics, Vancomycin, Quinupristin-Dalfopristin, and Linezolid
J Hum Lact, November 1, 2000; 16(4): 351 - 358.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Gen PsychiatryHome page
M. W. O'Hara, S. Stuart, L. L. Gorman, and A. Wenzel
Efficacy of Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Postpartum Depression
Arch Gen Psychiatry, November 1, 2000; 57(11): 1039 - 1045.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
M. E. Shannon, S. E. Malecha, and A. J. Cha
Beta Blockers and Lactation: An Update
J Hum Lact, August 1, 2000; 16(3): 240 - 245.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 NEJMHome page
S. Ito
Drug Therapy for Breast-Feeding Women
N. Engl. J. Med., July 13, 2000; 343(2): 118 - 126.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
A. Lee, M. E. Moretti, A. Collantes, D. Chong, P. Mazzotta, G. Koren, S. S. Merchant, and S. Ito
Choice of Breastfeeding and Physicians' Advice: A Cohort Study of Women Receiving Propylthiouracil
Pediatrics, July 1, 2000; 106(1): 27 - 30.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Pediatr. Rev.Home page
R. T. Hall and R. E. Carroll
Infant Feeding
Pediatr. Rev., June 1, 2000; 21(6): 191 - 200.
[Full Text]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
J. J. McCarthy and B. L. Posey
Methadone Levels in Human Milk
J Hum Lact, May 1, 2000; 16(2): 115 - 120.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
T. F. Oberlander, P. Robeson, V. Ward, R. S. Huckin, A. Kamani, A. Harpur, and W. McDonald
Prenatal and Breast Milk Morphine Exposure Following Maternal Intrathecal Morphine Treatment
J Hum Lact, May 1, 2000; 16(2): 137 - 142.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
M. E. Shannon, S. E. Malecha, and A. J. Cha
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs) and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) and Lactation: An Update
J Hum Lact, May 1, 2000; 16(2): 152 - 155.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Intern MedHome page
N. M. Janssen and M. S. Genta
The Effects of Immunosuppressive and Anti-inflammatory Medications on Fertility, Pregnancy, and Lactation
Arch Intern Med, March 13, 2000; 160(5): 610 - 619.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
M. E. Shannon, S. E. Malecha, and A. J. Cha
Calcium Channel Antagonists and Lactation: An Update
J Hum Lact, February 1, 2000; 16(1): 60 - 64.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
J. L. Mitchell
Use of Cough and Cold Preparations During Breastfeeding
J Hum Lact, December 1, 1999; 15(4): 347 - 349.
[PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
C. D. Chambers, P. O. Anderson, R. G. Thomas, L. M. Dick, R. J. Felix, K. A. Johnson, and K. L. Jones
Weight Gain in Infants Breastfed by Mothers Who Take Fluoxetine
Pediatrics, November 1, 1999; 104(5): 61e - 61.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 QJMHome page
M.E. Lloyd, M. Carr, P. Mcelhatton, G.M. Hall, and R.A. Hughes
The effects of methotrexate on pregnancy, fertility and lactation
QJM, October 1, 1999; 92(10): 551 - 563.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
L. H. Amir, H. Harris, and L. Andriske
An Audit of Mastitis in the Emergency Department
J Hum Lact, September 1, 1999; 15(3): 221 - 224.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
J. Shoup and D. S. Carson
Anticoagulant Use During Lactation
J Hum Lact, September 1, 1999; 15(3): 255 - 257.
[PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
C. S. Birnbaum, L. S. Cohen, J. W. Bailey, L. R. Grush, L. M. Robertson, and Z. N. Stowe
Serum Concentrations of Antidepressants and Benzodiazepines in Nursing Infants: A Case Series
Pediatrics, July 1, 1999; 104(1): 11e - 11.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
S. R. Winkler
Antiepileptic Drug Use During Breastfeeding
J Hum Lact, March 1, 1999; 15(1): 63 - 66.
[PDF]

Home page
 J Am Psychiatr Nurses AssocHome page
C. J. B. Wintz
Difficult Decisions: Women of Childbearing Age, Mental Illness, and Psychopharmacologic Therapy
Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, February 1, 1999; 5(1): 5 - 14.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
J. H. Tran and P. Montakantikul
The Safety of Antituberculosis Medications During Breastfeeding
J Hum Lact, December 1, 1998; 14(4): 337 - 340.
[PDF]

Home page
 Pediatr. Rev.Home page
R. Loebstein and G. Koren
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Neonates and Children
Pediatr. Rev., December 1, 1998; 19(12): 423 - 428.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
T. M. Hagemann
Gastrointestinal Medications and Breastfeeding
J Hum Lact, September 1, 1998; 14(3): 259 - 262.
[PDF]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
S. Verd and E. Cardo
Well-being of a Baby Breast Fed by Her Mother on Carbimazol Treatment
J Hum Lact, September 1, 1998; 14(3): 206 - 207.
[PDF]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
B. S. Schatz
Nicotine Replacement Products: Implications for the Breastfeeding Mother
J Hum Lact, June 1, 1998; 14(2): 161 - 163.
[PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
J. A. Mennella and C. J. Gerrish
Effects of Exposure to Alcohol in Mother's Milk on Infant Sleep
Pediatrics, May 1, 1998; 101 (5): e2 - e2.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
L. M. Aleksy and M. A. M. Smith
Sedatives and Hypnotics in Lactation
J Hum Lact, March 1, 1998; 14(1): 61 - 64.
[PDF]

Home page
 CLIN PEDIATRHome page
N. B. Brent and K. L. Wisner
Fluoxetine and Carbamazepine Concentrations in a Nursing Motier/Infant Pair
Clinical Pediatrics, January 1, 1998; 37(1): 41 - 44.
[PDF]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
J. A. Everett
Use of Oral Antidiabetic Agents During Breastfeeding
J Hum Lact, December 1, 1997; 13(4): 319 - 321.
[PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
Work Group on Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk
Pediatrics, December 1, 1997; 100(6): 1035 - 1039.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
B. Geraghty, E. A. Graham, B. Logan, and E. L. Weiss
Methadone Levels in Breast Milk
J Hum Lact, September 1, 1997; 13(3): 227 - 230.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch DermatolHome page
B. R. Reed
Dermatologic Drugs, Pregnancy, and Lactation: A Conservative Guide
Arch Dermatol, July 1, 1997; 133(7): 894 - 898.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Pediatr. Rev.Home page
N. G. Powers and W. Slusser
Breastfeeding Update 2: Clinical Lactation Management
Pediatr. Rev., May 1, 1997; 18(5): 147 - 161.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
A. M. Ebert
Use of Nonnarcotic Analgesics during Breastfeeding
J Hum Lact, March 1, 1997; 13(1): 61 - 64.
[PDF]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
F. K. Hatzopoulos and L. M. Albrecht
Antidepressant Use During Breastfeeding
J Hum Lact, June 1, 1996; 12(2): 139 - 141.
[PDF]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
L. A. Herman and S. O'Neill
Breastfeeding after Radionuclide Administration
J Hum Lact, September 1, 1995; 11(3): 223 - 227.
[PDF]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
A. Christman
Medication Use in HIV+ Mothers Who Breastfeed
J Hum Lact, June 1, 1995; 11(2): 133 - 135.
[PDF]

Home page
 Arch Gen PsychiatryHome page
S. Stuart and M. W. O'Hara
Treatment of Postpartum Depression With Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Arch Gen Psychiatry, January 1, 1995; 52(1): 75 - 76.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J Hum LactHome page
A. Ellsworth
Pharmacotherapy of Hypertension While Breastfeeding
J Hum Lact, June 1, 1994; 10(2): 121 - 124.
[PDF]