PEDIATRICS Vol. 99 No. 3 March 1997, pp. 420-426
Secular Increases in Relative Weight and Adiposity Among Children Over Two Decades: The Bogalusa Heart Study
Received Mar 15, 1996; accepted Jun 26, 1996.
,,
From the Divisions of * Nutrition and § Diabetes Translation,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, and
Tulane Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane University School of
Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Objective. To examine trends in relative weight and obesity among 5- to 24-year-olds between 1973 and 1994.
Design. A panel design consisting of seven cross-sectional surveys of schoolchildren and three surveys of post-high-school subjects. Anthropometric measurements included height, weight, and subscapular and triceps skinfolds.
Study Population. All schoolchildren residing in Ward 4 of Washington Parish, Louisiana, a biracial community, were considered eligible; participation rates were >80%. Young adults were eligible if they had participated previously as schoolchildren. A total of 26 371 examinations were performed on 11 564 persons.
Results. During the study period, substantial increases in mean levels of weight (0.2 kg/y) and skinfold thickness (0.15 mm/y) were observed; these changes were independent of height, age, and other covariates. The prevalence of overweight, defined by the 85th percentile of weight-for-height in 1973 to 1974, increased approximately twofold by 1994. Although secular increases were seen both among boys and girls and among blacks and whites, the largest increases were seen among 19- to 24-year-olds. Furthermore, the yearly increases in relative weight and obesity during the latter part of the study period (1983 through 1994) were ~50% greater than those between 1973 and 1982.
Conclusions. The increasing prevalence of obesity in early life indicates a need for primary prevention. Additional study is needed to determine whether these trends are continuing to accelerate and to examine possible explanations, such as diet and physical activity, for these changes.
Key words: child, obesity, body weight, secular trends, blacks, longitudinal studies.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us 
Digg 
Facebook 
Reddit 
Technorati 
Twitter What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. Miller, C. Manlhiot, N. Chahal, G. Cullen-Dean, L. Bannister, and B. W. McCrindle Impact of Increasing Adiposity in Hyperlipidemic Children Clinical Pediatrics, September 1, 2008; 47(7): 679 - 684. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Schiel, W. Beltschikow, S. Radon, G. Kramer, R. Schmiedel, R.-D. Berndt, and G. Stein Long-term treatment of obese children and adolescents using a telemedicine support programme J Telemed Telecare, April 1, 2008; 14(1): 13 - 16. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Khunti, M. A. Stone, J. Bankart, P. Sinfield, A. Pancholi, S. Walker, D. Talbot, A. Farooqi, and M. J. Davies Primary prevention of type-2 diabetes and heart disease: action research in secondary schools serving an ethnically diverse UK population J Public Health, March 1, 2008; 30(1): 30 - 37. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. B. Sardinha, L. B. Andersen, S. A. Anderssen, A. L. Quiterio, R. Ornelas, K. Froberg, C. J. Riddoch, and U. Ekelund Objectively Measured Time Spent Sedentary Is Associated With Insulin Resistance Independent of Overall and Central Body Fat in 9- to 10-Year-Old Portuguese Children Diabetes Care, March 1, 2008; 31(3): 569 - 575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. A. Meriwether, F. Lobelo, and R. R. Pate Themed Review: Clinical Interventions to Promote Physical Activity in Youth American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, February 1, 2008; 2(1): 7 - 25. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. S Rivlin Keeping the young-elderly healthy: is it too late to improve our health through nutrition? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2007; 86(5): 1572S - 1576S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. V. Kral, A. J Stunkard, R. I Berkowitz, V. A Stallings, D. D Brown, and M. S Faith Daily food intake in relation to dietary energy density in the free-living environment: a prospective analysis of children born at different risk of obesity Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2007; 86(1): 41 - 47. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M Toschke, R. M Martin, R. von Kries, J. Wells, G. Davey Smith, and A. R Ness Infant feeding method and obesity: body mass index and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements at 9-10 y of age from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2007; 85(6): 1578 - 1585. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. D. Hanson and E. Chen Socioeconomic Status, Race, and Body Mass Index: The Mediating Role of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors during Adolescence J. Pediatr. Psychol., April 1, 2007; 32(3): 250 - 259. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. M. Bell, S. Byrne, A. Thompson, N. Ratnam, E. Blair, M. Bulsara, T. W. Jones, and E. A. Davis Increasing Body Mass Index z-Score Is Continuously Associated with Complications of Overweight in Children, Even in the Healthy Weight Range J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2007; 92(2): 517 - 522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A Stone, J. Bankart, P. Sinfield, D. Talbot, A. Farooqi, M. J Davies, and K. Khunti Dietary habits of young people attending secondary schools serving a multiethnic, inner-city community in the UK Postgrad. Med. J., February 1, 2007; 83(976): 115 - 119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group The Burden of Diabetes Mellitus Among US Youth: Prevalence Estimates From the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Pediatrics, October 1, 2006; 118(4): 1510 - 1518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. R. Srinivasan, L. Myers, and G. S. Berenson Changes in Metabolic Syndrome Variables Since Childhood in Prehypertensive and Hypertensive Subjects: The Bogalusa Heart Study Hypertension, July 1, 2006; 48(1): 33 - 39. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Sadeghianrizi, C.-M. Forsberg, C. Marcus, and G. Dahllof Craniofacial development in obese adolescents Eur J Orthod, December 1, 2005; 27(6): 550 - 555. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A.-C. Norman, B. Drinkard, J. R. McDuffie, S. Ghorbani, L. B. Yanoff, and J. A. Yanovski Influence of Excess Adiposity on Exercise Fitness and Performance in Overweight Children and Adolescents Pediatrics, June 1, 2005; 115(6): e690 - e696. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. SALMON, K. BALL, D. CRAWFORD, M. BOOTH, A. TELFORD, C. HUME, D. JOLLEY, and A. WORSLEY Reducing sedentary behaviour and increasing physical activity among 10-year-old children: overview and process evaluation of the 'Switch-Play' intervention Health Promot. Int., March 1, 2005; 20(1): 7 - 17. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Ekelund, M. Neovius, Y. Linne, S. Brage, N. J Wareham, and S. Rossner Associations between physical activity and fat mass in adolescents: the Stockholm Weight Development Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2005; 81(2): 355 - 360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Goodman, B. S. McEwen, B. Huang, L. M. Dolan, and N. E. Adler Social Inequalities in Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescence Psychosom Med, January 1, 2005; 67(1): 9 - 15. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. D. Reaven, T. Traustadottir, J. Brennan, and P. R. Nader Cardiovascular Risk Factors Associated With Insulin Resistance in Children Persist Into Late Adolescence Diabetes Care, January 1, 2005; 28(1): 148 - 150. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Iannuzzi, M. R. Licenziati, C. Acampora, V. Salvatore, L. Auriemma, M. L. Romano, S. Panico, P. Rubba, and M. Trevisan Increased Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Stiffness in Obese Children Diabetes Care, October 1, 2004; 27(10): 2506 - 2508. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Ekelund, L. B Sardinha, S. A Anderssen, M. Harro, P. W Franks, S. Brage, A. R Cooper, L. B. Andersen, C. Riddoch, and K. Froberg Associations between objectively assessed physical activity and indicators of body fatness in 9- to 10-y-old European children: a population-based study from 4 distinct regions in Europe (the European Youth Heart Study) Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2004; 80(3): 584 - 590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Duncan, L. Woodfieldand, and Y. Al-Nakeeb Differences in Body Fat of British Children from Various Ethnic Groups European Physical Education Review, February 1, 2004; 10(1): 41 - 52. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A.-S. Parent, G. Teilmann, A. Juul, N. E. Skakkebaek, J. Toppari, and J.-P. Bourguignon The Timing of Normal Puberty and the Age Limits of Sexual Precocity: Variations around the World, Secular Trends, and Changes after Migration Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2003; 24(5): 668 - 693. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. A. Nicklas Calcium Intake Trends and Health Consequences from Childhood through Adulthood J. Am. Coll. Nutr., October 1, 2003; 22(5): 340 - 356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Lazzer, Y. Boirie, A. Bitar, C. Montaurier, J. Vernet, M. Meyer, and M. Vermorel Assessment of energy expenditure associated with physical activities in free-living obese and nonobese adolescents Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2003; 78(3): 471 - 479. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L Booth, T. Chey, M. Wake, K. Norton, K. Hesketh, J. Dollman, and I. Robertson Change in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among young Australians, 1969-1997 Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2003; 77(1): 29 - 36. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. S. Freedman, L. K. Khan, M. K. Serdula, D. A. Galuska, and W. H. Dietz Trends and Correlates of Class 3 Obesity in the United States From 1990 Through 2000 JAMA, October 9, 2002; 288(14): 1758 - 1761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. O. Fisher and L. L Birch Eating in the absence of hunger and overweight in girls from 5 to 7 y of age Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2002; 76(1): 226 - 231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Singhal, I S. Farooqi, S. O'Rahilly, T. J Cole, M. Fewtrell, and A. Lucas Early nutrition and leptin concentrations in later life Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2002; 75(6): 993 - 999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. S Freedman, B. A Bowman, J. D Otvos, S. R Srinivasan, and G. S Berenson Differences in the relation of obesity to serum triacylglycerol and VLDL subclass concentrations between black and white children: the Bogalusa Heart Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2002; 75(5): 827 - 833. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. P DeLany, G. A Bray, D. W Harsha, and J. Volaufova Energy expenditure in preadolescent African American and white boys and girls: the Baton Rouge Children's Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2002; 75(4): 705 - 713. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. L. Sedlmeyer and M. R. Palmert Delayed Puberty: Analysis of a Large Case Series from an Academic Center J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2002; 87(4): 1613 - 1620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. P. Raman Obesity and Health Risks J. Am. Coll. Nutr., April 1, 2002; 21(2): 134S - 139. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. R. Srinivasan, L. Myers, and G. S. Berenson Predictability of Childhood Adiposity and Insulin for Developing Insulin Resistance Syndrome (Syndrome X) in Young Adulthood: The Bogalusa Heart Study Diabetes, January 1, 2002; 51(1): 204 - 209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A. Nicklas, T. Baranowski, K. W. Cullen, and G. Berenson Eating Patterns, Dietary Quality and Obesity J. Am. Coll. Nutr., December 1, 2001; 20(6): 599 - 608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Drinkard, J. McDuffie, S. McCann, G. I Uwaifo, J. Nicholson, and J. A Yanovski Relationships Between Walk/Run Performance and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adolescents Who Are Overweight Physical Therapy, December 1, 2001; 81(12): 1889 - 1896. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. J Ball, J. O'Connor, R. Abbott, K. S Steinbeck, P. S. Davies, C. Wishart, K. J Gaskin, and L. A Baur Total energy expenditure, body fatness, and physical activity in children aged 6-9 y Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2001; 74(4): 524 - 528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. S. Freedman, L. K. Khan, W. H Dietz, S. R. Srinivasan, and G. S. Berenson Relationship of Childhood Obesity to Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors in Adulthood: The Bogalusa Heart Study Pediatrics, September 1, 2001; 108(3): 712 - 718. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. A. Nicklas, A. Elkasabany, S. R. Srinivasan, and G. Berenson Trends in Nutrient Intake of 10-Year-Old Children over Two Decades (1973-1994) : The Bogalusa Heart Study Am. J. Epidemiol., May 15, 2001; 153(10): 969 - 977. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Carroll-Pankhurst and E. A. Mortimer Jr Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, Bedsharing, Parental Weight, and Age at Death Pediatrics, March 1, 2001; 107(3): 530 - 536. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. I Goran Metabolic precursors and effects of obesity in children: a decade of progress, 1990-1999 Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2001; 73(2): 158 - 171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Johnson, R. Figueroa-Colon, S. L. Herd, D. A. Fields, M. Sun, G. R. Hunter, and M. I. Goran Aerobic Fitness, Not Energy Expenditure, Influences Subsequent Increase in Adiposity in Black and White Children Pediatrics, October 1, 2000; 106(4): 50e - 50. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. A. Fields and M. I. Goran Body composition techniques and the four-compartment model in children J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2000; 89(2): 613 - 620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Cavadini, A. M. Siega-Riz, and B. M Popkin US adolescent food intake trends from 1965 to 1996 Arch. Dis. Child., July 1, 2000; 83(1): 18 - 24. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Tanasescu, A. M. Ferris, D. A. Himmelgreen, N. Rodriguez, and R. Pérez-Escamilla Biobehavioral Factors Are Associated with Obesity in Puerto Rican Children J. Nutr., July 1, 2000; 130(7): 1734 - 1742. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. S. Freedman, L. Kettel Khan, M. K. Serdula, S. R. Srinivasan, and G. S. Berenson Secular Trends in Height Among Children During 2 Decades: The Bogalusa Heart Study Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, February 1, 2000; 154(2): 155 - 161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. von Kries, B. Koletzko, T. Sauerwald, E. von Mutius, D. Barnert, V. Grunert, and H. von Voss Breast feeding and obesity: cross sectional study BMJ, July 17, 1999; 319(7203): 147 - 150. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. I Goran and B. A Gower Relation between visceral fat and disease risk in children and adolescents Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 1999; 70 (1): 149S - 156S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. S. Freedman, W. H. Dietz, S. R. Srinivasan, and G. S. Berenson The Relation of Overweight to Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Children and Adolescents: The Bogalusa Heart Study Pediatrics, June 1, 1999; 103(6): 1175 - 1182. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. H. Slyper Childhood Obesity, Adipose Tissue Distribution, and the Pediatric Practitioner Pediatrics, July 1, 1998; 102(1): 4e - 4. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S Chinn, J M Hughes, and R J Rona Trends in growth and obesity in ethnic groups in Britain Arch. Dis. Child., June 1, 1998; 78(6): 513 - 517. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. P. Troiano and K. M. Flegal Overweight Children and Adolescents: Description, Epidemiology, and Demographics Pediatrics, March 1, 1998; 101(3): 497 - 504. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
