PEDIATRICS Vol. 97 No. 6 June 1996, pp. 798-803
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Progress Toward Integrating Hepatitis B Vaccine Into Routine Infant Immunization Schedules in the United States, 1991 Through 1994

Bradley A. Woodruff MD, MPH1, John Stevenson MA2, Hussain Yusuf MBBS3, Sandy L. Kwong MPH4, Karen P. Todoroff MPH4, James L. Hadler MD, MPH5, Connecticut Hepatitis B Project Group6, Muriel A. Hoyt BSN, MPA2, and Frank J. Mahoney MD1

1 Hepatitis Branch Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
2 National Immunization Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
3 Connecticut Department of Public Health and Addiction Services, Hartford, Connecticut; Yale University Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
4 Bureau of Epidemiology and Disease Control, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California; University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, California
5 Connecticut Department of Public Health and Addiction Services, Hartford, Connecticut
6 Connecticut Hepatitis B Project Group (Aaron Roome, Ali Banaie, Sheila Dutta, Miriam Faruqi, Cynthia Ho, Allison Richman, Kathy Riester, and Cherise Rohr), New Haven, Connecticut

Objective. We assessed progress toward universal infant immunization against hepatitis B, which was first recommended in November 1991.

Methods. Multiple data sources were used to describe vaccination policies and trends in infant hepatitis B vaccine coverage.

Results. As of June 1993, 51% of the 63 local, state, and territorial immunization programs recommended hepatitis B vaccination of all newborns shortly after birth. The number of first dosages of hepatitis B vaccine administered to infants in public sector clinics increased rapidly from late 1992 to 1993, and at the end of 1993 was approximately two thirds the number of first dosages of other infant antigens. In a nationwide survey of hospital nurseries 47% offered hepatitis B vaccine to all newborns. Of 3982 sampled newborns in these hospitals, 36.2% had been vaccinated before discharge. In San Francisco and Connecticut, where public health officials encouraged hospitals to offer hepatitis B vaccination, first-dose coverage at discharge was 82.3% in 1994 and 69.1% in 1993, respectively. Coverage was higher in healthier infants and lower in infants of older or bettereducated mothers. Results from the National Health Interview Survey demonstrate that three-dose completion at 12 months of age increased from less than 1% of children born in 1989 to 40% of children born in the fourth quarter of 1992. Vaccination at birth increased from less than 1% of infants born in 1989 to 32% of infants born in the second half of 1993.

Conclusions. Infant hepatitis B vaccination has expanded rapidly since national recommendations were made; however, universal coverage has not been achieved.

Submitted on May 30, 1995
Accepted on August 24, 1995




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