Ambulatory Blood Pressure Recordings in Children and Adolescents

¹ Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN
² Dept of Epidemiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN
³ Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN; Dept of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia

Objective. To provide reference data for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and to determine the influence of age, sex, and race on these values.

Methods. ABPM was performed on 300 healthy, normotensive boys and girls between the ages of 10 and 18 years, including 160 boys and 140 girls, of whom 149 were white and 151 were black. Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) while awake and during sleep were calculated for black and white boys and girls aged 10 to 12 years, 13 to 15 years, and 16 to 18 years.

Results. Boys compared with girls 10 to 12 years of age had higher mean (±SD) SBP (115 ± 9 vs 112 ± 9 mm Hg; P < .01) and DBP (67 ± 7 vs 65 ± 5 mm Hg; P < .01) while awake. Boys compared to girls 13 to 15 years of age had higher SBP while awake (116 ± 11 vs 112 ± 8 mm Hg; P < .01). Boys compared with girls 16 to 18 years of age had higher SBP while awake (125 ± 12 vs 111 ± 9 mm Hg; P < .01) and during sleep (116 ± 11 vs 106 ± 9 mm Hg). Comparisons within sex showed similar changes with age for boys and girls. Blacks compared with whites 13 to 15 years of age had higher SBP during sleep (109 ± 11 vs 105 ± 10 mm Hg; P < .01), and blacks compared with whites 16 to 18 years of age had higher DBP during sleep (66 ± 7 vs 58 ± 6 mm Hg; P < .01). Comparisons across age groups within race showed that blacks 16 to 18 years of age had higher SBP during sleep than blacks 10 to 12 years of age (109 ± 11 vs 104 ± 10 mm Hg), and higher DBP during sleep (66 ± 7 mm Hg; P < .01) than blacks 10 to 12 years of age (61 ± 7 mm Hg; P < .01) and 13 to 15 years of age (61 ± 8; P < .01 mm Hg). The changes with age were not significant for white subjects.

Conclusion. These results provide age-specific reference data for ABPM in youths. These values differ by sex (boys more than girls) and race (Blacks more than Whites).

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Facebook    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

				S. J. Swartz, P. R. Srivaths, B. Croix, and D. I. Feig Cost-Effectiveness of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in the Initial Evaluation of Hypertension in Children Pediatrics, December 1, 2008; 122(6): 1177 - 1181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Urbina, B. Alpert, J. Flynn, L. Hayman, G. A. Harshfield, M. Jacobson, L. Mahoney, B. McCrindle, M. Mietus-Snyder, J. Steinberger, et al. Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Children and Adolescents: Recommendations for Standard Assessment: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in Youth Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young and the Council for High Blood Pressure Research Hypertension, September 1, 2008; 52(3): 433 - 451. [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. L. Woods, J. R. Ingelfinger, and R. Rasch Modest maternal protein restriction fails to program adult hypertension in female rats Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 2005; 289(4): R1131 - R1136. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Quinkler, I. J. Bujalska, K. Kaur, C. U. Onyimba, S. Buhner, B. Allolio, S. V. Hughes, M. Hewison, and P. M. Stewart Androgen Receptor-Mediated Regulation of the {alpha}-Subunit of the Epithelial Sodium Channel in Human Kidney Hypertension, October 1, 2005; 46(4): 787 - 798. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. K. Wilson, W. Kliewer, N. Teasley, L. Plybon, and D. A. Sica Violence Exposure, Catecholamine Excretion, and Blood Pressure Nondipping Status in African American Male Versus Female Adolescents Psychosom Med, November 1, 2002; 64(6): 906 - 915. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M. Simckes, T. Srivastava, and U. S. Alon Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Children and Adolescents Clinical Pediatrics, October 1, 2002; 41(8): 549 - 564. [Abstract] [PDF]

				E. Rahiala, S. Tenhola, E. Vanninen, E. Herrgard, T. Tikanoja, and A. Martikainen Ambulatory Blood Pressure in 12-Year-Old Children Born Small for Gestational Age Hypertension, April 1, 2002; 39(4): 909 - 913. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. F. Reckelhoff Gender Differences in the Regulation of Blood Pressure Hypertension, May 1, 2001; 37(5): 1199 - 1208. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. W. Chesney, P. Adamson, T. Wells, J. T. Wilson, and P. D. Walson The Testing of Antihypertensive Medications in Children: Report of the Antihypertensive Agent Guidelines Subcommittee of the Pediatric Pharmacology Research Units Pediatrics, March 1, 2001; 107(3): 558 - 561. [Full Text]

				J. F. Reckelhoff, H. Zhang, and K. Srivastava Gender Differences in Development of Hypertension in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats : Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System Hypertension, January 1, 2000; 35(1): 480 - 483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. F. Reckelhoff, H. Zhang, K. Srivastava, and J. P. Granger Gender Differences in Hypertension in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats : Role of Androgens and Androgen Receptor Hypertension, October 1, 1999; 34(4): 920 - 923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. L. MARCUS, M. G. GREENE, and J. L. CARROLL Blood Pressure in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., April 1, 1998; 157(4): 1098 - 1103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. F. Reckelhoff, H. Zhang, and J. P. Granger Testosterone Exacerbates Hypertension and Reduces Pressure-Natriuresis in Male Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Hypertension, January 1, 1998; 31(1): 435 - 439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. W. Gillman and N. R. Cook Blood Pressure Measurement in Childhood Epidemiological Studies Circulation, August 15, 1995; 92(4): 1049 - 1057. [Abstract] [Full Text]