Prevalence and Natural History of Cryptorchidism
1 From the Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science and Community Medicine, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY.
2 From the Department of Obstetrics, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY.
3 From the Department of Surgery, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY.
4 From the Department of Biomathematical Sciences, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY.
5 From the Department of Pediatrics, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY.
Objective. A prospective hospital-based cohort study was conducted to determine the prevalence rates of cryptorchidism at birth, 3 months, and 1 year of age.
Design. A total of 6935 consecutive male neonates delivered at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City between October 1987 and October 1990 were examined at birth for cryptorchidism. Standardized examination and classification criteria were used. Infants classified as cryptorchid at birth were reexamined at 3 months and 1 year after the expected date of delivery.
Results. Of 6935 neonates assessed at birth, 255(3.7%) were found to be cryptorchid at birth. The rates were significantly elevated for low birth weight, preterm, small-for-gestational age, and twin neonates. The overall rate had declined to 1.0% by the 3-month assessment and 1.1% at the 1-year assessment. Although the rates at the 1-year assessment tended to be higher for low birth weight and preterm infants, no significant group differences were observed.
Conclusions. Since the prevalence rates in this study are similar to those reported several decades ago, these data provide no evidence that the rate of cryptorchidism has increased either at birth or by 1 year of age. Furthermore, most testes that descend spontaneously do so within the first 3 months after the expected date of delivery.
Key Words: cryptorchism • prevalence • birth weight • gestational age
Submitted on November 25, 1992
Accepted on February 1, 1993
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  H.E. Virtanen and J. Toppari Epidemiology and pathogenesis of cryptorchidism Hum. Reprod. Update, January 1, 2008; 14(1): 49 - 58. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Myrup, T. H. Schnack, J. Wohlfahrt, W. W.M. Hack, K. Sijstermans, L. M. van der Voort-Doedens, A. Pettersson, O. Akre, and L. Richiardi Correction of Cryptorchidism and Testicular Cancer N. Engl. J. Med., August 23, 2007; 357(8): 825 - 827. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Pettersson, L. Richiardi, A. Nordenskjold, M. Kaijser, and O. Akre Age at Surgery for Undescended Testis and Risk of Testicular Cancer N. Engl. J. Med., May 3, 2007; 356(18): 1835 - 1841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W W M Hack, K Sijstermans, J van Dijk, L M van der Voort-Doedens, M E de Kok, and M J Hobbelt-Stoker Prevalence of acquired undescended testis in 6-year, 9-year and 13-year-old Dutch schoolboys Arch. Dis. Child., January 1, 2007; 92(1): 17 - 20. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. E. Virtanen, A. E. Tapanainen, M. M. Kaleva, A.-M. Suomi, K. M. Main, N. E. Skakkebaek, and J. Toppari Mild Gestational Diabetes as a Risk Factor for Congenital Cryptorchidism J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2006; 91(12): 4862 - 4865. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. M Main, J. Toppari, and N. E Skakkebaek Gonadal development and reproductive hormones in infant boys Eur. J. Endocrinol., November 1, 2006; 155(suppl_1): S51 - S57. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Joffe Infertility and environmental pollutants Br. Med. Bull., December 1, 2003; 68(1): 47 - 70. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. F. Thonneau, P. Candia, and R. Mieusset Cryptorchidism: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Potential Role of Environment; An Update J Androl, March 1, 2003; 24(2): 155 - 162. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Pitteloud, F. J. Hayes, P. A. Boepple, S. DeCruz, S. B. Seminara, D. T. MacLaughlin, and W. F. Crowley Jr. The Role of Prior Pubertal Development, Biochemical Markers of Testicular Maturation, and Genetics in Elucidating the Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2002; 87(1): 152 - 160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Tomboc, P. A. Lee, M. F. Mitwally, F. X. Schneck, M. Bellinger, and S. F. Witchel Insulin-like 3/Relaxin-Like Factor Gene Mutations Are Associated with Cryptorchidism J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2000; 85(11): 4013 - 4018. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
