Smoking and the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
1 From the University of Auckland, Wellington, New Zealand
2 Pediatrician in Christchurch, New Zealand
3 From the University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
4 From the Princess Mary Hospital for Children, Auckland, New Zealand
5 From the Office of the Commissioner for Children, Wellington, New Zealand
6 Pediatrician in Hastings, New Zealand
7 Pediatrician in Thames, New Zealand
8 Pediatrician in Wellington, New Zealand
Objective. Maternal smoking has been shown to be a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The effect of smoking by the father and other household members has not previously been examined.
Methods. A large nationwide case-control study. Four hundred eighty-five SIDS deaths in the postneonatal age group were compared with 1800 control infants.
Results. Infants of mothers who smoked during pregnancy had a 4.09 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.28, 5.11) greater risk of death than infants of mothers who did not smoke. Infants of mothers who smoked postnatally also had an increased risk of SIDS compared with infants of nonsmokers and, furthermore, the risk increased with increasing levels of maternal smoking. Smoking by the father and other household members increased the risk (odds ratio [OR] = 2.41, 95% CI = 1.92, 3.02 and OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.20, 1.99, respectively). Smoking by the father increased the risk of SIDS if the mother smoked, but had no effect if she did not smoke. In analyses controlled for a wide range of potential confounders, smoking by the mother and father was still significantly associated with an increased risk of SIDS.
Conclusion. Passive tobacco smoking is causally related to SIDS.
Key Words: sudden infant death syndrome • tobacco smoking • case-control study
Submitted on April 17, 1992
Accepted on December 2, 1992
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us 
Digg 
Facebook 
Reddit 
Technorati 
Twitter What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. S. Halterman, K. M. Conn, T. Hernandez, and S. E. Tanski Parent Knowledge, Attitudes, and Household Practices Regarding SHS Exposure: A Case-Control Study of Urban Children With and Without Asthma Clinical Pediatrics, August 1, 2010; 49(8): 782 - 789. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. M. Ostfeld, L. Esposito, H. Perl, and T. Hegyi Concurrent Risks in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Pediatrics, March 1, 2010; 125(3): 447 - 453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. L. Miranda, P. Maxson, and S. Edwards Environmental Contributions to Disparities in Pregnancy Outcomes Epidemiol. Rev., November 1, 2009; 31(1): 67 - 83. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Coddou, E. Bravo, and J. Eugenin Alterations in cholinergic sensitivity of respiratory neurons induced by pre-natal nicotine: a mechanism for respiratory dysfunction in neonatal mice Phil Trans R Soc B, September 12, 2009; 364(1529): 2527 - 2535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Kabir, P. J. Manning, J. Holohan, S. Keogan, P. G. Goodman, and L. Clancy Second-hand smoke exposure in cars and respiratory health effects in children Eur. Respir. J., September 1, 2009; 34(3): 629 - 633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Kum-Nji, C. L. Mangrem, P. J. Wells, and H. G. Herrod Is Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure a Risk Factor for Acute Gastroenteritis in Young Children? Clinical Pediatrics, September 1, 2009; 48(7): 756 - 762. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Eugenin, M. Otarola, E. Bravo, C. Coddou, V. Cerpa, M. Reyes-Parada, I. Llona, and R. von Bernhardi Prenatal to Early Postnatal Nicotine Exposure Impairs Central Chemoreception and Modifies Breathing Pattern in Mouse Neonates: A Probable Link to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome J. Neurosci., December 17, 2008; 28(51): 13907 - 13917. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. McGrath-Morrow, T. Rangasamy, C. Cho, T. Sussan, E. Neptune, R. Wise, R. M. Tuder, and S. Biswal Impaired Lung Homeostasis in Neonatal Mice Exposed to Cigarette Smoke Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., April 1, 2008; 38(4): 393 - 400. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Xia, T. Damon, M. M. Niblock, D. Bartlett Jr., and J. C. Leiter Unilateral microdialysis of gabazine in the dorsal medulla reverses thermal prolongation of the laryngeal chemoreflex in decerebrate piglets J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2007; 103(5): 1864 - 1872. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E A Mitchell Recommendations for sudden infant death syndrome prevention: a discussion document Arch. Dis. Child., February 1, 2007; 92(2): 155 - 159. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Wang, E. A. McGlynn, R. H. Brook, C. H. Leonard, R. E. Piecuch, S. I. Hsueh, and M. A. Schuster Quality-of-Care Indicators for the Neurodevelopmental Follow-up of Very Low Birth Weight Children: Results of an Expert Panel Process. Pediatrics, June 1, 2006; 117(6): 2080 - 2092. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Kum-Nji, L. Meloy, and H. G. Herrod Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Prevalence and Mechanisms of Causation of Infections in Children Pediatrics, May 1, 2006; 117(5): 1745 - 1754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. S. Zeskind and J. L. Gingras Maternal Cigarette-Smoking During Pregnancy Disrupts Rhythms in Fetal Heart Rate J. Pediatr. Psychol., January 1, 2006; 31(1): 5 - 14. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. B. Lahr, K. D. Rosenberg, and J. A. Lapidus Bedsharing and Maternal Smoking in a Population-Based Survey of New Mothers Pediatrics, October 1, 2005; 116(4): e530 - e542. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Simakajornboon, V. Vlasic, H. Li, and H. Sawnani Effect of prenatal nicotine exposure on biphasic hypoxic ventilatory response and protein kinase C expression in caudal brain stem of developing rats J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2004; 96(6): 2213 - 2219. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N Spencer and S Logan Sudden unexpected death in infancy and socioeconomic status: a systematic review J Epidemiol Community Health, May 1, 2004; 58(5): 366 - 373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Sawnani, T. Jackson, T. Murphy, R. Beckerman, and N. Simakajornboon The Effect of Maternal Smoking on Respiratory and Arousal Patterns in Preterm Infants during Sleep Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., March 15, 2004; 169(6): 733 - 738. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L Rushton, C Courage, and E Green Estimation of the impact on children's health of environmental tobacco smoke in England and Wales Perspectives in Public Health, September 1, 2003; 123(3): 175 - 180. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A B Chang, S J Wilson, I B Masters, M Yuill, J Williams, G Williams, and M Hubbard Altered arousal response in infants exposed to cigarette smoke Arch. Dis. Child., January 1, 2003; 88(1): 30 - 33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Nattie and H. Kinney Nicotine, Serotonin, and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., December 15, 2002; 166(12): 1530 - 1531. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S M Williams, E A Mitchell, and B J Taylor Are risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome different at night? Arch. Dis. Child., October 1, 2002; 87(4): 274 - 278. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J F Froen, M Arnestad, A Vege, L M Irgens, T O Rognum, O D Saugstad, and B Stray-Pedersen Comparative epidemiology of sudden infant death syndrome and sudden intrauterine unexplained death Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed., September 1, 2002; 87(2): F118 - 121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. S. Ringel and W. N. Evans Cigarette Taxes and Smoking During Pregnancy Am J Public Health, November 1, 2001; 91(11): 1851 - 1856. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M Arnestad, M Andersen, A Vege, and T O Rognum Changes in the epidemiological pattern of sudden infant death syndrome in southeast Norway, 1984-1998: implications for future prevention and research Arch. Dis. Child., August 1, 2001; 85(2): 108 - 115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. G. Frank, H. Srere, C. Ledezma, B. O'Hara, and H. C. Heller Prenatal nicotine alters vigilance states and AchR gene expression in the neonatal rat: implications for SIDS Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2001; 280(4): R1134 - R1140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. A. POOLE, H. HALLINAN, C. S. BEARDSMORE, and J. R. THOMPSON Effect of Maternal Smoking on Ventilatory Responses to Changes in Inspired Oxygen Levels in Infants Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., September 1, 2000; 162(3): 801 - 807. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Wisborg, U. Kesmodel, T. B. Henriksen, S. F. Olsen, and N. J. Secher A prospective study of smoking during pregnancy and SIDS Arch. Dis. Child., September 1, 2000; 83(3): 203 - 206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. F. Froen, H. Akre, B. Stray-Pedersen, and O. D. Saugstad Adverse Effects of Nicotine and Interleukin-1beta on Autoresuscitation After Apnea in Piglets: Implications for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Pediatrics, April 1, 2000; 105(4): 52e - 52. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Task Force on Infant Sleep Position and Sudden Inf Changing Concepts of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Implications for Infant Sleeping Environment and Sleep Position Pediatrics, March 1, 2000; 105(3): 650 - 656. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. W. Platt, P. S Blair, P. J Fleming, I. J Smith, T. J Cole, C. E A Leach, P J Berry, J. Golding, and the CESDI SUDI Research Group A clinical comparison of SIDS and explained sudden infant deaths: how healthy and how normal? Arch. Dis. Child., February 1, 2000; 82(2): 98 - 106. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Dybing and T. Sanner Passive smoking, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and childhood infections Human and Experimental Toxicology, April 1, 1999; 18(4): 202 - 205. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Florek, A. Marszalek, W. Biczysko, and K. Szymanowski The experimental investigations of the toxic influence of tobacco smoke affecting progeny during pregnancy Human and Experimental Toxicology, April 1, 1999; 18(4): 245 - 251. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Pamphlett, J. Raisanen, and S. Kum-Jew Vertebral Artery Compression Resulting From Head Movement: A Possible Cause of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Pediatrics, February 1, 1999; 103(2): 460 - 468. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D P DAVIES Short QTc interval as an important factor in sudden infant death syndrome Arch. Dis. Child., February 1, 1999; 80(2): 105 - 107. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. ELLIOT, P. VULLERMIN, and P. ROBINSON Maternal Cigarette Smoking Is Associated with Increased Inner Airway Wall Thickness in Children Who Die from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., September 1, 1998; 158(3): 802 - 806. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B Alm, J Milerad, G Wennergren, R Skjarven, N Oyen, G Norvenius, A-K Daltveit, K Helweg-Larsen, T Markestad, and L M Irgens A case-control study of smoking and sudden infant death syndrome in the Scandinavian countries, 1992 to 1995 Arch. Dis. Child., April 1, 1998; 78(4): 329 - 334. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. J. Thornton and P. N. Lee Review : Parental Smoking and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Review of the Evidence Indoor and Built Environment, March 1, 1998; 7(2): 87 - 97. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. A. Mitchell, P. G. Tuohy, J. M. Brunt, J. M. D. Thompson, M. S. Clements, A. W. Stewart, R. P. K. Ford, and B. J. Taylor Risk Factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Following the Prevention Campaign in New Zealand: A Prospective Study Pediatrics, November 1, 1997; 100(5): 835 - 840. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Brooke, A. Gibson, D. Tappin, and H. Brown Case-control study of sudden infant death syndrome in Scotland, 1992-5 BMJ, May 24, 1997; 314(7093): 1516 - 1516. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Committee on Environmental Health Environmental Tobacco Smoke: A Hazard to Children Pediatrics, April 1, 1997; 99(4): 639 - 642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Dwyer and A.-L. Ponsonby Sudden infant death syndrome: after the "back to sleep" campaign BMJ, July 27, 1996; 313(7051): 180 - 181. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. S Blair, P. J Fleming, D. Bensley, I. Smith, C. Bacon, E. Taylor, J. Berry, J. Golding, and J. Tripp Smoking and the sudden infant death syndrome: results from 1993-5 case-control study for confidential inquiry into stillbirths and deaths in infancy BMJ, July 27, 1996; 313(7051): 195 - 198. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. S. Klonoff-Cohen, S. L. Edelstein, E. S. Lefkowitz, I. P. Srinivasan, D. Kaegi, J. C. Chang, and K. J. Wiley The Effect of Passive Smoking and Tobacco Exposure Through Breast Milk on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome JAMA, March 8, 1995; 273(10): 795 - 798. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
