PEDIATRICS Vol. 87 No. 3 March 1991, pp. 390-392
This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow P3Rs: Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when P3Rs are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow E-mail this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My File Cabinet
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via CrossRef
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by LEVINE, F.
Right arrow Articles by MUENKE, M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by LEVINE, F.
Right arrow Articles by MUENKE, M.

VACTERL Association With High Prenatal Lead Exposure: Similarities to Animal Models of Lead Teratogenicity

FRED LEVINE MD, PHD1 and MAXIMILIAN MUENKE MD1

1 The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology

The VACTERL association is one of the more common patterns of multiple malformations in children, with an incidence of approximately 1.6 cases per 10 000 live births.1 The pattern of defects consists of vertebral anomalies (found in 70% of patients), anal atresia with or without fistula (80%), cardiac defect (50%) with ventricular septal defect being most common, tracheoesophageal fistula (70%), renal anomalies (53%), and limb anomalies (65% with radial anomalies and 23% with lower extremity defects).2

The definition of the VACTERL association as a distinct entity is based on the finding that its constituent anomalies are associated in a nonrandom manner.1,3,4

Submitted on February 26, 1990
Accepted on April 11, 1990




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Am J Health Syst PharmHome page
R. C. Gracia and W. R. Snodgrass
Lead toxicity and chelation therapy
Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., January 1, 2007; 64(1): 45 - 53.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]