PEDIATRICS Vol. 79 No. 6 June 1987, pp. 851-857
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Developmental Outcome in Children Exposed to Chloride-Deficient Formula

Anne Willoughby MD, MPH1, Howard A. Moss PhD1, Van S. Hubbard MD, PhD1, Barry B. Bercu MD1, Barry I. Graubard MA1, Peter M. Vietze PhD1, Charles C. Chang MD1, and Heinz W. Berendes MD, MHS1

1 From National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland

The developmental outcome of 2- and 4-year-old children who had been exposed as infants to chloride-deficient formula was studied. A negative dose-response relationship was demonstrated between use of the formula without additional nutritional supplementation and cognitive outcome as measured by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (Pearson r = –.55, P = .01) at 2 years of age. A similar negative relationship was demonstrated between this exclusive use of the defective formula and perceptual (Pearson r = –.51, P < .05), motor (Pearson r = –.52, P < .05), and fine motor (Pearson r = –.75, P < .002) ability as measured by the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities at 4 years of age. When other known predictors of developmental outcome were taken into account by means of multiple linear regression analyses, exclusive formula use emerged as an important predictor of the children's cognitive functioning at 2 years (model R2 = .59, P < .005) and of quantitative (model R2 = .58, P < .006), perceptual (model R2 = .63, P < .009), and fine motor ability (model R2 = .74, P < .003) at 4 years of age. These data raise concern about the developmental outcome of the children exposed to chloride-deficient formula.

Key Words: chloride-deficient formula • child development • infant feeding • malnutrition

Submitted on April 15, 1986
Accepted on December 29, 1986




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[Abstract] [PDF]