Ultrasonography in the Radiologic Evaluation of Children With Urinary Tract Infection

¹ From the Section of Pediatric Nephrology and the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Pediatrics, Ramban Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

A prospective blind study comparing the findings of ultrasonography, intravenous pyelography, and voiding cystourethrography was conducted on 81 patients to examine the place of ultrasonography in the initial radiologic evaluation of children with urinary tract infection. The patients' mean age was 4.8 years; 15 were male. Forty-eight were inpatients (mean age, 3.2 years) and 33 were outpatients (mean age, 7.2 years). In 29 patients (35.8%) abnormality of the urinary system was detected by one or more of the three imaging procedures; 21 were inpatients and eight were outpatients. The most frequent finding was vesicoureteral reflux, occurring in 62.1% of the pathologic cases. The findings at ultrasonography correlated well with those of intravenous pyelography in 73 of the 81 studies (90.1%), but they failed to demonstrate double collecting systems and several of the minor changes. However, ultrasonography in combination with cystourethrography identified all patients who had abnormal urinary systems, except for two children with negligible findings. Moreover, ultrasonography and cystourethrography together identified all 11 patients, nine of them inpatients, in whom surgical treatment was indicated. It is concluded that ultrasonography can successfully replace intravenous pyelography as a screening imaging procedure for the urinary system, but because of the superiority of intravenous pyelography in the detection of some types of lesions, intravenous pyelography will be required whenever ultrasonography or cystourethrography results are abnormal. Accordingly, and in view of the differences in the frequency and severity of pathologic findings between outpatients and hospitalized patients, the following protocol is suggested for the radiologic evaluation of children with urinary tract infection: For outpatients, cystourethrography can be performed 4 to 6 weeks after cessation of antibiotic therapy. If the study is normal, ultrasonography can be done; if this is also normal, no further radiologic workup is needed. Only when cystourethrography or ultrasonography findings are abnormal is intravenous pyelography also indicated. For hospitalized patients, especially young children, ultrasonography can be used as the early screening procedure, within two to four days after the diagnosis of urinary tract infection. If the results are normal, cystourethrography can follow after 4 to 6 weeks; if abnormal, cystourethrography can be performed after ten to 14 days. Here, too, intravenous pyelography is needed only when ultrasonography and/or cystourethrography results are abnormal.

Key Words: ultrasonography • radiologic evaluation • urinary tract infection

Submitted on July 25, 1985
Accepted on October 24, 1985

CiteULike    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Facebook    Reddit    Technorati    Twitter    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

				S J Andrews, P T Brooks, D C Hanbury, C M King, C M Prendergast, G B Boustead, and T A McNicholas Ultrasonography and abdominal radiography versus intravenous urography in investigation of urinary tract infection in men: prospective incident cohort study BMJ, February 23, 2002; 324(7335): 454 - 454. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. M. Downs Technical Report: Urinary Tract Infections in Febrile Infants and Young Children Pediatrics, April 1, 1999; 103(4): 54e - 54. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				U. S. Alon and S. Ganapathy Should Renal Ultrasonography Be Done Routinely in Children with First Urinary Tract Infection? Clinical Pediatrics, January 1, 1999; 38(1): 21 - 25. [Abstract] [PDF]

				E Stokland, M Hellstrom, S Hansson, O Jodal, A Oden, and B Jacobsson Reliability of ultrasonography in identification of reflux nephropathy in children BMJ, July 23, 1994; 309(6949): 235 - 239. [Abstract] [Full Text]