Babies at Double Hazard: Early Development of Infants at Biologic and Social Risk
1 Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Human Development, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York
From the population of a neonatal intensive care unit, 114 infants and their families were followed from birth to age 3
years. Infants showing massive brain damage at birth and/or severe mental retardation at 7 months of age were excluded from this analysis. The remainder were predominantly poor and nonwhite. The group showed normal cognitive development through age 15 months. By 28 months of age and thereafter, a severe decline in cognitive status proved to be associated with social class. In addition, serious behavioral maladjustment led to improverished cognitive development. The incidence of maladjustment was unrelated to social class. The impact of maladjustment on test scores was significant in all classes, but greater for the higher rather than the lower socioeconomic social groups. Neither neurologic pathology (excepting severe brain damage) nor gestational age (small for gestational age [SGA] vs appropriate for gestational age [AGA]) had a significant effect on IQ scores at 3 years of age. It is suggested that environmental deficits and stresses impair early cognitive and psychosocial development for both full-term and premature infants, but that the latter group is more vulnerable to environmental insufficiencies than are full-term babies.
Accepted on January 27, 1982
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  B. Lozoff, E. Jimenez, and J. B. Smith Double burden of iron deficiency in infancy and low socioeconomic status: a longitudinal analysis of cognitive test scores to age 19 years. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, November 1, 2006; 160(11): 1108 - 1113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Council on Children With Disabilities, Section on Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Bright Futures Steering Committee, and Medical Home Initiatives for Children With Special Identifying Infants and Young Children With Developmental Disorders in the Medical Home: An Algorithm for Developmental Surveillance and Screening Pediatrics, July 1, 2006; 118(1): 405 - 420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. V. Browne and A. Talmi Family-Based Intervention to Enhance Infant-Parent Relationships in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit J. Pediatr. Psychol., December 1, 2005; 30(8): 667 - 677. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Anderson, C. Catroppa, S. Morse, F. Haritou, and J. Rosenfeld Functional Plasticity or Vulnerability After Early Brain Injury? Pediatrics, December 1, 2005; 116(6): 1374 - 1382. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. R. Lawson and H. A. Ruff Early attention and negative emotionality predict later cognitive and behavioural function International Journal of Behavioral Development, March 1, 2004; 28(2): 157 - 165. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Statement on the Care of the Child with Chronic Lung Disease of Infancy and Childhood Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., August 1, 2003; 168(3): 356 - 396. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. T. Bhutta, M. A. Cleves, P. H. Casey, M. M. Cradock, and K. J. S. Anand Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomes of School-Aged Children Who Were Born Preterm: A Meta-analysis JAMA, August 14, 2002; 288(6): 728 - 737. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Jain, J. Concato, and J. M. Leventhal How Good Is the Evidence Linking Breastfeeding and Intelligence? Pediatrics, June 1, 2002; 109(6): 1044 - 1053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. P. Aylward Methodological Issues in Outcome Studies of At-Risk Infants J. Pediatr. Psychol., January 1, 2002; 27(1): 37 - 45. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. O'Shea Changing Characteristics of Neonatal Follow-up Studies NeoReviews, November 1, 2001; 2(11): e249 - 256. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Strathearn, P. H. Gray, and D. O. Wood Childhood Neglect and Cognitive Development in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants: A Prospective Study Pediatrics, July 1, 2001; 108(1): 142 - 151. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Serving the Family From Birth to the Medical Home. Newborn Screening: A Blueprint for the Future - A Call for a National Agenda on State Newborn Screening Programs Pediatrics, August 1, 2000; 106(2): 389 - 422. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K Sommerfelt, H W Andersson, K Sonnander, G Ahlsten, B Ellertsen, T Markestad, G Jacobsen, H J Hoffman, and L Bakketeig Cognitive development of term small for gestational age children at five years of age Arch. Dis. Child., July 1, 2000; 83(1): 25 - 30. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. Strauss Adult Functional Outcome of Those Born Small for Gestational Age: Twenty-six-Year Follow-up of the 1970 British Birth Cohort JAMA, February 2, 2000; 283(5): 625 - 632. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. T. Montgomery, M. D. Gonzales, and C. A. Gonzalez Maternal Generation from Mexico as a Predictor of Infants' Language Development Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, February 1, 1999; 21(1): 14 - 30. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Cherkes-Julkowski Learning Disability, Attention-Deficit Disorder, and Language Impairment as Outcomes of Prematurity: A Longitudinal Descriptive Study J Learn Disabil, May 1, 1998; 31(3): 294 - 306. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. Byrd, M. Weitzman, and P. Auinger Increased Behavior Problems Associated With Delayed School Entry and Delayed School Progress Pediatrics, October 1, 1997; 100(4): 654 - 661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. P. Glascoe, E. M. Foster, and M. L. Wolraich An Economic Analysis of Developmental Detection Methods Pediatrics, June 1, 1997; 99(6): 830 - 837. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Koller, K. Lawson, S. A. Rose, I. Wallace, and C. McCarton Patterns of Cognitive Development in Very Low Birth Weight Children During the First Six Years of Life Pediatrics, March 1, 1997; 99(3): 383 - 389. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. BLACKMAN Social Policy Solutions to Social Problems Journal of Early Intervention, January 1, 1996; 20(4): 296 - 298. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. M. Rossetti Enhancing Early Intervention Services to Infants/Toddlers and Their Families Communication Disorders Quarterly, January 1, 1993; 15(1): 1 - 6. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. A. BAUMEISTER, F. D. KUPSTAS, and L. M. KLINDWORTH The New Morbidity: A National Plan of Action American Behavioral Scientist, March 1, 1991; 34(4): 468 - 500.
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Lagerstrom, K. Bremme, P. Eneroth, and D. Magnusson Sex-Related Differences in School and IQ Performance for Children with Low Birth Weight at Ages 10 and 13 Journal of Special Education, January 1, 1991; 25(2): 261 - 270. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. E. Schmidt and K. E. Wedig Very Low Birth Weight Infants-Educational Outcome at School Age from Parental Questionnaire Clinical Pediatrics, November 1, 1990; 29(11): 649 - 651. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. K. Klein Children Who were Very Low Birthweight: Cognitive Abilities and Classroom Behavior at Five Years of Age Journal of Special Education, January 1, 1988; 22(1): 41 - 54. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
