PEDIATRICS Vol. 48 No. 3 September 1971, pp. 451-454
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Parental Expectations in Toilet Training

James A. Stehbens Ph.D.1 and David L. Silber M.D.1

1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52240

Seventy-one parents whose first-born child was between 6 and 10 months of age completed a questionnaire regarding their expectations in toilet training. Analysis of the data support the following conclusions: (1) Parental expectations in toilet training often are unrealistic and this is a preventable source of parent-child conflict; (2) Expectations regarding attainment of nighttime continence are more realistic than daytime; (3) There is a slight tendency for parents to expect girls to achieve daytime continence earlier than boys; (4) That physicians are looked upon as the most likely professional to whom mothers look to for help; (5) The physician or his aide should initiate discussions regarding toilet training before the child is 1-year-old.




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L. B. Berk and P. C. Friman
Epidemiologic Aspects of Toilet Training
Clinical Pediatrics, May 1, 1990; 29(5): 278 - 282.
[Abstract] [PDF]