1 Department of Urology, Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Foundation Hospital, Walnut Creek, and Presbyterian Medical Center, San Francisco
2 Department of Pediatrics, Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Foundation Hospital, Walnut Creek, California
Four methods used in the urologic diagnosis of children are presented as examples of methods developed to offset hazards of radiation exposure: (1) limited area radiographic study, (2) double dose of contrast medium in excretory urography, (3) new, non-radiographic technique for demonstrating vesicoureteral reflux, (4) ciné techniques.
The development of similar types of modification to reduce radiation exposure of children is advocated for other specialties relating to the pediatric age group.
Submitted on August 7, 1964