Published online March 30, 2009
PEDIATRICS Vol. 123 No. 4 April 2009, pp. e589-e594 (doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1738)

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ARTICLE

High-Deductible Health Plans: Are Vulnerable Families Enrolled?

Alison A. Galbraith, MD, MPH^a, Dennis Ross-Degnan, ScD^b, Stephen B. Soumerai, ScD^b, Irina Miroshnik, MS^b, J. Frank Wharam, MB, BCh, BAO, MPH^b, Kenneth Kleinman, ScD^b and Tracy A. Lieu, MD, MPH^a,c

^a Center for Child Health Care Studies
^b Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Boston, Massachusetts
^c Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts

OBJECTIVE. There is concern that high-deductible health plans may have negative effects on vulnerable groups. The objective of this study was to compare the characteristics of families who have children and switch to high-deductible health plans with those who stay in traditional plans.

METHODS. This double-cohort study included families who had children aged <18 years and were enrolled in a Massachusetts health plan through employers who did not offer a choice of health plans. We identified families who had traditional health maintenance organization plans for a 12-month baseline period between 2001 and 2004 and compared families whose coverage was then switched to a high-deductible health plan by their employers with similar families whose employer chose to remain in the traditional plan (controls). Data came from health plan enrollment and claims datasets and census data. We used multivariate logistic regression models to compare the characteristics of families who were switched to high-deductible health plans with controls.

RESULTS. We identified 839 families who had children and whose employer switched them to high-deductible health plans and 5133 controls. Among families with large employers, the adjusted odds of the employer switching to a high-deductible health plan were higher for families living in high-poverty neighborhoods. Among families with small employers, the adjusted odds of the employer switching to a high-deductible health plan were lower for families with more children, above-average family morbidity, and baseline total expenditures >$7000.

CONCLUSIONS. Among families with large employers offering a single health plan, those from low-income neighborhoods are more likely to be switched to high-deductible health plans. In contrast, families with small employers offering a single plan are more likely to be switched to high-deductible health plans if they are healthier and have lower baseline costs. These findings suggest that families with children in high-deductible plans may represent two distinct groups, one with higher-risk characteristics and another with lower-risk characteristics compared with those in traditional plans.

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Key Words: health insurance • deductible • cost sharing • health policy • health services research

Abbreviations: HDHP—high-deductible health plan • OOP—out-of-pocket • HMO—health maintenance organization • OR—odds ratio • CI—confidence interval

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Accepted Dec 22, 2008.

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