Published online October 31, 2008
PEDIATRICS Vol. 122 Supplement November 2008, pp. S125-S129 (doi:10.1542/10.1542/peds.2008-1055d)
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SUPPLEMENT ARTICLE


Needle Pain in Children: Contextual Factors

Gary A. Walco, PhD

David Center for Children's Pain and Palliative Care, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey; Department of Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey

Pediatric pain experiences result from a complex interplay of genetic, experiential, and developmental factors. These elements, as they relate to needle-stick procedures and other relevant painful phenomena, are explored in this article so that the context of possible interventions may be more fully appreciated. Clinical implications are discussed incorporating ethical perspectives.

Key Words: venipuncture • peripheral cannulation • pain • nociceptors • psychophysiology • developmental biology • molecular neurobiology

Abbreviations: IV—intravenous

Accepted Jun 4, 2008.


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W. T. Zempsky
Optimizing the Management of Peripheral Venous Access Pain in Children: Evidence, Impact, and Implementation
Pediatrics, November 1, 2008; 122(Supplement_3): S121 - S124.
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