Published online August 1, 2008
PEDIATRICS Vol. 122 No. 2 August 2008, pp. e363-e375 (doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0478)
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ARTICLE

Clinical Effort Against Secondhand Smoke Exposure: Development of Framework and Intervention

Jonathan P. Winickoff, MD, MPHa,b, Elyse R. Park, PhDb, Bethany J. Hipple, MPHa,b, Anna Berkowitz, MPHa, Cecilia Vieira, MSca,b, Joan Friebely, EdDa,b, Erica A. Healey, MAa,b and Nancy A. Rigotti, MDb

a Center for Child and Adolescent Health Policy
b Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to describe a novel process and present results of formative research to develop a pediatric office intervention that uses available systems of care for addressing parental smoking.

METHODS. The scientific development of the intervention occurred in 3 stages. In stage 1, we designed an office system for parental tobacco control in the pediatric outpatient setting on the basis of complementary conceptual frameworks of preventive services delivery, conceptualized for the child health care setting through a process of key interviews with leaders in the field of implementing practice change; existing Public Health Service guidelines that had been shown effective in adult practices; and adaptation of an evidence-based adult office system for tobacco control. This was an iterative process that yielded a theoretically framed intervention prototype. In stage 2, we performed focus-group testing in pediatric practices with pediatricians, nurses, clinical assistants, and key office staff. Using qualitative methods, we adapted the intervention prototype on the basis of this feedback to include 5 key implementation steps for the child health care setting. In stage 3, we presented the intervention to breakout groups at 2 national meetings of pediatric practitioners for additional refinements.

RESULTS. The main result was a theoretically grounded intervention that was responsive to the barriers and suggestions raised in the focus groups and at the national meetings. The Clinical Effort Against Secondhand Smoke Exposure intervention was designed to be flexible and adaptable to the particular practices' staffing, resources, and physical configuration. Practice staff can choose materials relevant to their own particular systems of care (www.ceasetobacco.org).

CONCLUSIONS. Conceptually grounded and focus-group–tested strategies for parental tobacco control are now available for implementation in the pediatric outpatient setting. The tobacco-control intervention-development process might have particular relevance for other chronic pediatric conditions that have a strong evidence base and have available treatments or resources that are underused.

Key Words: smoking • tobacco • pediatrics • family practice • parent • smoking cessation • secondhand smoke • environmental tobacco smoke • tobacco control • quitline • telephone counseling

Abbreviations: SHS—secondhand smoke • PHS—Public Health Service • CEASE—Clinical Effort Against Secondhand Smoke Exposure • NRT—nicotine-replacement therapy

Accepted Mar 11, 2008.


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