Published online June 30, 2008
PEDIATRICS Vol. 122 No. 1 July 2008, pp. e223-e231 (doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3812)
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ARTICLE

Lamotrigine in Breast Milk and Nursing Infants: Determination of Exposure

D. Jeffrey Newport, MDa, Page B. Pennell, MDb, Martha R. Calamaras, BSa, James C. Ritchie, PhDc, Melanee Newman, RNb, Bettina Knight, BSN, RNa, Adele C. Viguera, MDd, Joyce Liporace, MDe and Zachary N. Stowe, MDa,f

Departments of a Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
b Neurology
c Pathology
f Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
d Department of Psychiatry, Neurologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
e Center for Neuroscience, Riddle Memorial Hospital, Media, Pennsylvania

OBJECTIVE. Although lamotrigine use during pregnancy has substantially increased over the past decade secondary to accumulated reproductive safety data, systematic data on lamotrigine during breastfeeding remains sparse. We sought to characterize the determinants of lamotrigine concentrations in breast milk and nursing-infant plasma.

PATIENTS AND METHODS. Women who enrolled in a prospective investigation of perinatal medication pharmacokinetics, were treated with lamotrigine, and chose to continue lamotrigine while breastfeeding were included in the analysis. Breast milk samples were collected via breast pump from foremilk to hindmilk from a single breast to determine the excretion gradient and serial samples over 24 hours to determine the time course of excretion. Paired maternal/infant plasma samples were also collected. Lamotrigine concentrations in all of the samples were determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Statistical analyses of breast milk and infant plasma concentrations and their determinants were conducted.

RESULTS. Thirty women and their nursing infants participated in the study, providing a total of 210 breast milk samples. The mean milk/plasma ratio was 41.3%. There was a nonsignificant trend for higher lamotrigine concentrations in breast milk 4 hours after the maternal dose. Infant plasma concentrations were 18.3% of maternal plasma concentrations. The theoretical infant lamotrigine dose was 0.51 mg/kg per day, and the relative infant lamotrigine dose was 9.2%. Mild thrombocytosis was present in 7 of 8 infants at the time of serum sampling. No other adverse events were observed or reported in the breastfed infants.

CONCLUSIONS. Consistent with previous investigations of medications in breast milk, the lamotrigine milk/plasma ratio is highly variable. The rate of lamotrigine excretion into human breast milk is similar to that observed with other antiepileptic drugs. These data expand the extant literature on lamotrigine in breastfeeding and demonstrate relatively comparable nursing-infant exposure to lamotrigine compared with other antiepileptic drugs.

Key Words: lactation • lamotrigine • antiepileptic drugs • epilepsy • bipolar disorder

Abbreviations: AED—antiepileptic drug • M/P—milk/plasma • TID—theoretical infant dose • RID—relative infant dose • CI—confidence interval

Accepted Feb 4, 2008.