PEDIATRICS Vol. 122 No. 1 July 2008, pp. 198-208 (doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1349)
CLINICAL REPORT |
Lipid Screening and Cardiovascular Health in Childhood
This clinical report replaces the 1998 policy statement from the American Academy of Pediatrics on cholesterol in childhood, which has been retired. This report has taken on new urgency given the current epidemic of childhood obesity with the subsequent increasing risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease in older children and adults. The approach to screening children and adolescents with a fasting lipid profile remains a targeted approach. Overweight children belong to a special risk category of children and are in need of cholesterol screening regardless of family history or other risk factors. This report reemphasizes the need for prevention of cardiovascular disease by following Dietary Guidelines for Americans and increasing physical activity and also includes a review of the pharmacologic agents and indications for treating dyslipidemia in children.
Key Words: lipid screening • children • cardiovascular disease • cholesterol • lipid profile • dyslipidemia • obesity • familial hypercholesterolemia • statins
Abbreviations: CVD—cardiovascular disease • AAP—American Academy of Pediatrics • LDL—low-density lipoprotein • HDL—high-density lipoprotein • PDAY—Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth • IMT—intimal medial thickness • NHANES—National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey • NCEP—National Cholesterol Education Program • VLDL—very low-density lipoprotein
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us 
Digg 
Facebook 
Reddit 
Technorati 
Twitter What's this?
The following policy statement has been revised:
- Cholesterol in Childhood
Pediatrics 101: 141-147.[Full Text]
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  M. Spezia Faulkner, C. Fritschi, L. Quinn, and J. T. Hepworth Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents With Diabetes From Vulnerable Populations Home Health Care Management Practice, February 1, 2010; 22(2): 123 - 130. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. TIMIRCI, F. DARENDELILER, F. BAS, E. H. ARZU, Z. UMIT, and T. ISBIR Comparison of Lipid Profiles in Relation to APOB EcoRI Polymorphism in Obese Children with Hyperlipidemia In Vivo, January 1, 2010; 24(1): 65 - 69. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Harel, S. Riggs, R. Vaz, P. Flanagan, and D. Harel Isolated Low HDL Cholesterol Emerges as the Most Common Lipid Abnormality Among Obese Adolescents Clinical Pediatrics, January 1, 2010; 49(1): 29 - 34. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Corvalan, R. Uauy, J. Kain, and R. Martorell Obesity indicators and cardiometabolic status in 4-y-old children Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2010; 91(1): 166 - 174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. J. Farpour-Lambert, Y. Aggoun, L. M. Marchand, X. E. Martin, F. R. Herrmann, and M. Beghetti Physical activity reduces systemic blood pressure and improves early markers of atherosclerosis in pre-pubertal obese children. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 15, 2009; 54(25): 2396 - 2406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Rippe, T. J. Angelopoulos, and W. F. Rippe Lifestyle Medicine and Health Care Reform American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, November 1, 2009; 3(6): 421 - 424. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Goldstein, L. Mascitelli, and F. Pezzetta Letter to the Editor American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, November 1, 2009; 3(6): 509 - 509. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. C. Skinner, M. L. Mayer, K. Flower, E. M. Perrin, and M. Weinberger Using BMI to Determine Cardiovascular Risk in Childhood: How Do the BMI Cutoffs Fare? Pediatrics, November 1, 2009; 124(5): e905 - e912. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. B. Haga and S. F. Terry Ensuring the Safe Use of Genomic Medicine in Children Clinical Pediatrics, September 1, 2009; 48(7): 703 - 708. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Doshi, E. M. Perrin, S. Lazorick, D. Esserman, and M. J. Steiner Short-term Change in Body Mass Index in Overweight Adolescents Following Cholesterol Screening Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, September 1, 2009; 163(9): 812 - 817. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Lee, A. Gebremariam, P. Card-Higginson, J. L. Shaw, J. W. Thompson, and M. M. Davis Poor Performance of Body Mass Index as a Marker for Hypercholesterolemia in Children and Adolescents Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, August 1, 2009; 163(8): 716 - 723. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Y. Yoon, G. L. Freed, M. M. Davis, and S. J. Clark Formulary Coverage for Lipid-Lowering Drugs Recommended for Children Clinical Pediatrics, July 1, 2009; 48(6): 609 - 613. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Dawson, M. Sonka, M. B. Blecha, W. Lin, and P. H. Davis Risk factors associated with aortic and carotid intima-media thickness in adolescents and young adults: the Muscatine Offspring Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 16, 2009; 53(24): 2273 - 2279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. A. Golomb Metabolic syndrome: intima-media thickness and beyond. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 16, 2009; 53(24): 2280 - 2282. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. P. Shonkoff, W. T. Boyce, and B. S. McEwen Neuroscience, Molecular Biology, and the Childhood Roots of Health Disparities: Building a New Framework for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention JAMA, June 3, 2009; 301(21): 2252 - 2259. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J H Baumer and J P H Shield Hypercholesterolaemia in children guidelines review Arch. Dis. Child. Ed. Pract., June 1, 2009; 94(3): 84 - 86. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S Marimuthu and B S Menon Acanthosis nigricans Arch. Dis. Child., June 1, 2009; 94(6): 477 - 477. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. G. Magnussen, A. Venn, R. Thomson, M. Juonala, S. R. Srinivasan, J. S.A. Viikari, G. S. Berenson, T. Dwyer, and O. T. Raitakari The association of pediatric low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol dyslipidemia classifications and change in dyslipidemia status with carotid intima-media thickness in adulthood evidence from the cardiovascular risk in Young Finns study, the Bogalusa Heart study, and the CDAH (Childhood Determinants of Adult Health) study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 10, 2009; 53(10): 860 - 869. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Cook Hypercholesterolemia Among Children: When Is It High, and When Is It Really High? Circulation, March 3, 2009; 119(8): 1075 - 1077. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. S. Ford, C. Li, G. Zhao, and A. H. Mokdad Concentrations of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Total Cholesterol Among Children and Adolescents in the United States Circulation, March 3, 2009; 119(8): 1108 - 1115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Neil and S. E Humphries Statins and familial hypercholesterolaemia BMJ, January 21, 2009; 338(jan21_1): a3041 - a3041. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. M. Hoeger Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Inflammation, and Statins: Do We Have the Right Target? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2009; 94(1): 35 - 37. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. MacDonald MD MSc, M. B. Stanbrook MD PhD, and M. J. Rieder MD PhD Statins, indication creep and risks for children and youth Can. Med. Assoc. J., December 2, 2008; 179(12): 1239 - 1239. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. MacDonald MD MSc, M. B. Stanbrook MD PhD, and M. J. Rieder MD PhD Les statines, l'etendue des indications et les risques pour les enfants et les adolescents Can. Med. Assoc. J., December 2, 2008; 179(12): 1241 - 1241. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. R. Greer WIC food packages changed to mirror 2005 dietary guidelines AAP News, December 1, 2008; 29(12): 7 - 7. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Lasky Statin Use in Children in the United States Pediatrics, December 1, 2008; 122(6): 1406 - 1408. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. R. Greer and S. R. Daniels Statin Use in Children in the United States: In Reply Pediatrics, December 1, 2008; 122(6): 1408 - 1408. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Versmissen, D. M Oosterveer, M. Yazdanpanah, J. C Defesche, D. C G Basart, A. H Liem, J. Heeringa, J. C Witteman, P. J Lansberg, J. J P Kastelein, et al. Efficacy of statins in familial hypercholesterolaemia: a long term cohort study BMJ, November 11, 2008; 337(nov11_1): a2423 - a2423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. K. Pasquali and J. S. Li Prevention of Future Cardiovascular Disease in High-Risk Pediatric Patients: A Role for Lipid Lowering Therapy? Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, November 1, 2008; 1(2): 131 - 133. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Neil, J. Cooper, J. Betteridge, N. Capps, I. McDowell, P. Durrington, M. Seed, S. E. Humphries, and on behalf of the Simon Broome Familial Hyperlipida Reductions in all-cause, cancer, and coronary mortality in statin-treated patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: a prospective registry study Eur. Heart J., November 1, 2008; 29(21): 2625 - 2633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. O. Kwiterovich Jr. Recognition and Management of Dyslipidemia in Children and Adolescents J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2008; 93(11): 4200 - 4209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. L. Wagner, F. R. Greer, and and the Section on Breastfeeding and Committee on Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency in Infants, Children, and Adolescents Pediatrics, November 1, 2008; 122(5): 1142 - 1152. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Wiesen, M. Adkins, S. Fortune, J. Horowitz, N. Pincus, R. Frank, S. Vento, C. Hoffman, B. Goilav, and H. Trachtman Evaluation of Pediatric Patients With Mild-to-Moderate Hypertension: Yield of Diagnostic Testing Pediatrics, November 1, 2008; 122(5): e988 - e993. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. R. Goldstein, L. Mascitelli, and F. Pezzetta Comment on "Local Accumulation of FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells: Evidence for an Immune Evasion Mechanism in Patients with Large Condylomata Acuminata" J. Immunol., October 1, 2008; 181(7): 4433 - 4433. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Steiner, W. D. Brown, and E. Liles An Assessment of the New Lipid Screening Guidelines Pediatrics, October 1, 2008; 122(4): 904 - 905. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. R. Daniels, F. R. Greer, and N. Stettler An Assessment of the New Lipid Screening Guidelines: In Reply Pediatrics, October 1, 2008; 122(4): 906 - 907. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. B. Fein, J. Labiner-Wolfe, K. S. Scanlon, and L. M. Grummer-Strawn Selected Complementary Feeding Practices and Their Association With Maternal Education Pediatrics, October 1, 2008; 122(Supplement_2): S91 - S97. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. de Ferranti and D. S. Ludwig Storm over Statins -- The Controversy Surrounding Pharmacologic Treatment of Children N. Engl. J. Med., September 25, 2008; 359(13): 1309 - 1312. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Wald Commentary: Controversies in NICE guidance on familial hypercholesterolaemia BMJ, August 27, 2008; 337(aug27_2): a1304 - a1304. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. A Baur Tackling obesity in children and adolescents BMJ, August 8, 2008; 337(aug08_1): a1037 - a1037. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Lipid Screening in Childhood -- New Recommendations from the AAP Journal Watch Cardiology, July 30, 2008; 2008(730): 4 - 4. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Lipid Screening in Childhood -- New Recommendations from the AAP Journal Watch Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, July 16, 2008; 2008(716): 1 - 1. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. R. Daniels and F. R. Greer AAP clinical report addresses prevention, treatment of atherosclerosis in children AAP News, July 1, 2008; 29(7): 36 - 36. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
eLetters:
Read all eLetters
- Comparison with the adult guidelines
- E-P. Barrette
- Pediatrics Online, 8 Jul 2008 [Full text]
- Evidence based guidelines?
- Martin Lalinec-Michaud
- Pediatrics Online, 22 Jul 2008 [Full text]
- STATINS IN CHILDREN: MORE SHADE THAN LIGHT.
- Zemira Cannioto, et al.
- Pediatrics Online, 23 Jul 2008 [Full text]
- Omissions from new lipid screening guidelines
- Costan G. Magnussen
- Pediatrics Online, 24 Dec 2008 [Full text]
