Published online April 1, 2008
PEDIATRICS Vol. 121 No. 4 April 2008, pp. 689-696 (doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2171)

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ARTICLE

Changing Patterns in Neonatal Escherichia coli Sepsis and Ampicillin Resistance in the Era of Intrapartum Antibiotic Prophylaxis

Matthew J. Bizzarro, MD^a, Louise-Marie Dembry, MD^b,c,d, Robert S. Baltimore, MD^c,d,e, Patrick G. Gallagher, MD^a

Divisions of ^a Perinatal Medicine
^e Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics
^b Department of Internal Medicine
^c Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
^d Department of Quality Improvement Support Services, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to determine current trends in Escherichia coli-related early- and late-onset sepsis and patterns of ampicillin resistance in relation to institutional changes in the use of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis.

METHODS. A retrospective review of data for all infants with E coli sepsis at Yale-New Haven Hospital from 1979 to 2006 was performed. Study periods were based on predominant intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis practices at Yale-New Haven Hospital, that is, (1) 1979 to 1992 (no formal intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis), (2) 1993 to 1996 (risk factor-based), and (3) 1997 to 2006 (screening-based). Sepsis rates and patterns of ampicillin resistance were compared.

RESULTS. Fifty-three cases of E coli early-onset sepsis and 129 cases of E coli late-onset sepsis were identified over 3 eras. In very low birth weight (<1500 g) infants, increases in E coli early-onset sepsis (period 1: 2.83 cases per 1000 very low birth weight admissions; period 2: 7.12 cases per 1000 very low birth weight admissions; period 3: 10.22 cases per 1000 very low birth weight admissions), intrapartum ampicillin exposure, and ampicillin-resistant E coli were observed. Intrapartum ampicillin exposure was determined to be an independent risk factor for ampicillin-resistant E coli early-onset sepsis. For the first time, a significant increase in E coli late-onset sepsis was observed in preterm infants (period 1: 10.39 cases per 1000 very low birth weight admissions; period 2: 16.01 cases per 1000 very low birth weight admissions; period 3: 21.66 cases per 1000 very low birth weight admissions) and term infants (period 1: 4.07 cases per 1000 admissions; period 2: 4.22 cases per 1000 admissions; period 3: 8.23 cases per 1000 admissions).

CONCLUSIONS. Studies to provide a better understanding of potential consequences of intrapartum antibiotic exposure and its contribution to evolving trends in neonatal sepsis are urgently needed.

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Key Words: very low birth weight • bacteremia • group B streptococcus

Abbreviations: EOS—early-onset sepsis • GBS—group B streptococcus • IAP—intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis • GA—gestational age • VLBW—very low birth weight • LOS—late-onset sepsis • Y-NHH—Yale-New Haven Hospital • NBSCU—newborn special care unit • PROM—prolonged rupture of membranes • BW—birth weight • LR—logistic regression

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Accepted Aug 30, 2007.

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