Published online December 31, 2007
PEDIATRICS Vol. 121 No. 1 January 2008, pp. e101-e107 (doi:10.1542/peds.2006-3560)

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ARTICLE

Expert Survey for the Management of Adolescent Depression in Primary Care

Amy H. Cheung, MD^a, Rachel A. Zuckerbrot, MD^b, Peter S. Jensen, MD^b, Ruth E.K. Stein, MD^c, Danielle Laraque, MD^d the GLAD PC Steering Committee

^a Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
^b Division of Child Psychiatry, Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
^c REACH Institute, Resources for Advancing Children's Health, New York, New York
^d Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York

OBJECTIVE. Primary care clinics have become the "de facto" mental health clinics for teens with mental health problems such as depression; however, there is little guidance for primary care professionals who are faced with treating this population. This study surveyed experts on key management issues regarding adolescent depression in primary care where empirical literature was scant or absent.

METHODS. Participants included experts from family medicine, pediatrics, nursing, psychology, and child psychiatry, identified through nonprobability sampling. The expert survey was developed on the basis of information from focus groups with patients, families, and professionals and from the research literature and included sections on early identification, assessment and diagnosis, initial management, treatment, and ongoing management. Means, standard deviations, and confidence intervals were calculated for each survey item.

RESULTS. Seventy-eight of 81 experts agreed to participate (return rate of 96%). Fifty-three percent of the experts (n = 40) were primary care professionals. Experts endorsed routine surveillance for youth at high risk for depression, as well as the use of standardized measures as diagnostic aids. For treatment, "active monitoring" was deemed appropriate in mild depression with recent onset. Medication and psychotherapy were considered acceptable options for treatment of moderate depression without complicating factors such as comorbid illness. Fluoxetine was rated as the most appropriate antidepressant for use in this population. Finally, experts agreed that patients who are started on antidepressants should be followed within 2 weeks after initiation.

CONCLUSIONS. Survey results support the identification and management of adolescent depression in the primary care setting and, in specific situations, referral and co-management with specialty mental health professionals. Even with the recent controversies around treatment, experts across primary care and specialty mental health alike agreed that active monitoring, pharmacotherapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and psychotherapy can be appropriate under certain clinical circumstances when initiated within primary care settings.

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Key Words: adolescents • depression • expert survey • primary care

Abbreviations: PCP—primary care professional • PC—primary care • GLAD-PC—Guidelines for Adolescent Depression–Primary Care • DSM-IV—Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition • FDA—Food and Drug Administration

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Accepted May 29, 2007.

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