Published online December 31, 2007
PEDIATRICS Vol. 121 No. 1 January 2008, pp. 15-21 (doi:10.1542/peds.2007-0051)
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ARTICLE

Longitudinal Study of Viewing Smoking in Movies and Initiation of Smoking by Children

Linda Titus-Ernstoff, PhD, MAa,b,c, Madeline A. Dalton, PhDb,c, Anna M. Adachi-Mejia, PhDb,c, Meghan R. Longacre, PhDb,c and Michael L. Beach, MDa,c,d

a Department of Community and Family Medicine
b Department of Pediatrics
c Hood Center for Children and Families, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
d Department of Anesthesiology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire

BACKGROUND. Previous studies showed an association between viewing of smoking in movies and initiation of smoking among adolescents. However, all studies except one were cross-sectional, and none updated movie smoking exposure prospectively or assessed its influence on children.

METHODS. We enrolled elementary school students, 9 to 12 years of age, in a longitudinal study to assess the influence of movie smoking exposure on smoking initiation among children. Movie smoking content was coded for the most popular movie releases; exposure was assessed by asking children which movies they had seen, on the basis of unique lists of 50 movies sampled randomly from top box office hits and video rentals. Data collection occurred in 3 waves (the baseline survey and 2 follow-up surveys), ~1 year apart. Movie lists were updated for each data collection wave, to reflect recent releases. Movie smoking exposure was analyzed in relation to smoking initiation by the end of the study period.

RESULTS. Approximately 80% of the children's smoking exposure occurred through movies rated G, PG, or PG-13. Children's movie smoking exposure predicted smoking initiation significantly, after adjustment for multiple covariates including child and parent characteristics. The relative risks were 1.09, 1.09, and 1.07 for a 1-decile increase of movie smoking exposure measured at the baseline, second, and third data collection waves, respectively. The adjusted attributable risk of smoking initiation attributable to movie smoking exposure was 0.35.

CONCLUSION. Our study, which is the first to enroll children in elementary school and to update movie smoking exposure longitudinally, indicates that early exposure has as much influence on smoking risk as does exposure nearer the outcome. Overall, movie smoking may be responsible for at least one third of smoking initiation for children in this age group.

Key Words: children • smoking • smoking initiation • tobacco • media • films • epidemiology • behavior

Abbreviations: RR—relative risk • CI—confidence interval • AR—attributable risk

Accepted Jul 12, 2007.




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